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Lateralized Brain Functions pp 369–406Cite as

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 122))

Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a technique that allows the induction of electrical current in the superficial brain tissue, by means of a rapidly changing magnetic field. It is a noninvasive technique which may be safely applied to awake and collaborating humans. The biological effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation can be classified as immediate, consisting of action potentials, and delayed, consisting of variably lasting changes in the excitability of neurons, outlasting stimulation itself. Accordingly, the impact of TMS on behavior can be generally categorized as “online” or “offline.” TMS produces behavioral changes by manipulating the firing characteristics of neurons. As a consequence, TMS may be used to establish causal relationships between brain and behavior. The direct effects of TMS have a limited spatial distribution, in the order of 1–2 cm, thus making it an optimal tool for hemispheric localization of brain functions. TMS has been applied to the study of lateralization of brain functions in humans in multiple domains such as language, spatial attention, or executive functions.

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Abbreviations

CSP:

Cortical silent period

DLPFC:

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

EEG:

Electroencephalography

EMG:

Electromyography

ICF:

Intracortical facilitation

ICI:

Intracortical inhibition

ISI:

Inter-stimulus interval

ISP:

Ipsilateral silent period

MEP:

Motor evoked potential

PAS:

Paired associative stimulation

rTMS:

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

TBS:

Theta-burst stimulation

TES:

Transcranial electrical stimulation

TMS:

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Movimento, Sezione di Fisiologia e Psicologia, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy

    Luigi Cattaneo

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  1. Luigi Cattaneo
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Correspondence to Luigi Cattaneo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia

    Lesley J. Rogers

  2. Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Trento, Italy

    Giorgio Vallortigara

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Cattaneo, L. (2017). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. In: Rogers, L., Vallortigara, G. (eds) Lateralized Brain Functions. Neuromethods, vol 122. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6725-4_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6725-4_12

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