Abstract
ChIP-seq datasets provide a wealth of information for the identification of candidate regulatory elements in the genome. For this potential to be fully realized, methods for evaluating data quality and for distinguishing reproducible signal from technical and biological noise are necessary. Here, the computational methods for addressing these challenges developed by the ENCODE Consortium are described and the key considerations for analyzing and interpreting ChIP-seq data are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Shyh-Chang N, Daley GQ (2013) Lin28: primal regulator of growth and metabolism in stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 12:395–406
Barski A, Cuddapah S, Cui K et al (2007) High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome. Cell 129:823–837
Johnson DS, Mortazavi A, Myers RM et al (2007) Genome-wide mapping of in vivo protein-DNA interactions. Science 316:1497–1502
Mikkelsen TS, Ku M, Jaffe DB et al (2007) Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature 448:553–560
Robertson G, Hirst M, Bainbridge M et al (2007) Genome-wide profiles of STAT1 DNA association using chromatin immunoprecipitation and massively parallel sequencing. Nat Methods 4:651–657
Landt SG, Marinov GK, Kundaje A et al (2012) ChIP-seq guidelines and practices of the ENCODE and modENCODE consortia. Genome Res 22:1813–1831
Marinov GK, Kundaje A, Park PJ et al (2014) Large-scale quality analysis of published ChIP-seq data. G3 (Bethesda) 4:209–223
ENCODE Project Consortium (2012) An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature 489:57–74
Gerstein MB, Kundaje A, Hariharan M et al (2012) Architecture of the human regulatory network derived from ENCODE data. Nature 489:91–100
Gerstein MB, Lu ZJ, Van Nostrand EL et al (2010) Integrative analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome by the modENCODE project. Science 330:1775–1787
modENCODE Consortium (2010) Identification of functional elements and regulatory circuits by Drosophila modENCODE. Science 330:1787–1797
The Mouse ENCODE Consortium (2014) A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome. Nature 515:355–364
Negre N, Brown CD, Ma L et al (2011) A cis-regulatory map of the Drosophila genome. Nature 471:527–531
Li Q, Brown J, Huang H et al (2011) Measuring reproducibility of high-throughput experiments. Ann Appl Stat 5:1752–1779
Carroll TS, Liang Z, Salama R, Stark R, de Santiago I (2014) Impact of artifact removal on ChIP quality metrics in ChIP-seq and ChIP-exo data. Front Genet 5:75
Langmead B, Trapnell C, Pop M et al (2009) Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome. Genome Biol 10:R25
Langmead B, Salzberg SL (2012) Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nat Methods 9:357–359
H L, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, Marth G, Abecasis G, Durbin R, 1000 Genome Project Data Processing Subgroup (2009) The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25:2078–2079
Daley T, Smith AD (2013) Predicting the molecular complexity of sequencing libraries. Nat Methods 10:325–327
Feng J, Liu T, Qin B et al (2012) Identifying ChIP-seq enrichment using MACS. Nat Protoc 7:1728–1740
Kuhn RM, Haussler D, Kent WJ (2013) The UCSC genome browser and associated tools. Brief Bioinform 14:144–161
Kent WJ, Zweig AS, Barber G et al (2010) BigWig and BigBed: enabling browsing of large distributed datasets. Bioinformatics 26:2204–2207
Thomas MC, Chiang CM (2006) The general transcription machinery and general cofactors. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 41:105–178
Kellis M, Hardison RC, Wold BJ et al (2014) Defining functional DNA elements in the human genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:6131–6138
Raney BJ, Dreszer TR, Barber GP et al (2014) Track data hubs enable visualization of user-defined genome-wide annotations on the UCSC Genome Browser. Bioinformatics 30:1003–1005
Koehler R, Issac H, Cloonan N, Grimmond SM (2011) The uniqueome: a mappability resource for short-tag sequencing. Bioinformatics 27:272–274
Lee H, Schatz MC (2012) Genomic dark matter: the reliability of short read mapping illustrated by the genome mappability score. Bioinformatics 28:2097–2105
Derrien T, Estell´e J, Marco Sola S et al (2012) Fast computation and applications of genome mappability. PLoS One 7:e30377
Li H, Durbin R (2009) Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25:1754–1760
Kharchenko PV, Tolstorukov MY, Park PJ (2008) Design and analysis of ChIP-seq experiments for DNA-binding proteins. Nat Biotechnol 26:1351–1359
Rozowsky J, Euskirchen G, Auerbach R et al (2009) PeakSeq enables systematic scoring of ChIP-seq experiments relative to controls. Nat Biotechnol 27:66–75
Guo Y, Mahony S, Gifford DK (2012) High resolution genome wide binding event finding and motif discovery reveals transcription factor spatial binding constraints. PLoS Comput Biol 8:e1002638
Church DM, Schneider VA, Steinberg KM et al (2015) Extending reference assembly models. Genome Biol 16:13
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Anshul Kundaje, members of the Barbara Wold and Richard Myers labs and of the ENCODE Consortium for many helpful discussions, and Gilberto DeSalvo and Matthew D. Smalley for critical reading of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Marinov, G.K. (2017). Identification of Candidate Functional Elements in the Genome from ChIP-seq Data. In: Napoli, S. (eds) Promoter Associated RNA. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1543. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6716-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6716-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6714-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6716-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols