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Injury Models of the Central Nervous System pp 433–443Cite as

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Novel Therapy in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury

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Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1462))

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans causes a broad range of structural damage and functional deficits due to both primary and secondary injury mechanisms. Over the past three decades, animal models have been established to replicate the diverse changes of human TBI, to study the underlying pathophysiology and to develop new therapeutic strategies. However, drugs that were identified as neuroprotective in animal brain injury models were not successful in clinical trials phase II or phase III. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a powerful noninvasive approach to excite cortical neurons in humans and animals, widely applied for therapeutic purpose in patients with brain diseases. In addition, recent animal studies showed rTMS as a strong neuroprotective tool. In this chapter, we discuss the rationale and mechanisms related to rTMS as well as therapeutic applications and putative molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, relevant biochemical studies and neuroprotective effect in animal models and possible application of rTMS as a novel treatment for rodent brain injury models are discussed.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in this protocol.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Universitario, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Thangavelu Soundara Rajan & Angelo Quartarone M.D.

  2. IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, Messina, Italy

    Thangavelu Soundara Rajan & Angelo Quartarone M.D.

  3. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Salvatore Cuzzocrea

  4. Manchester Biomedical Research Center, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Salvatore Cuzzocrea

  5. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Daniele Bruschetta

  6. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY, USA

    Angelo Quartarone M.D.

Authors
  1. Thangavelu Soundara Rajan
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  2. Salvatore Cuzzocrea
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  3. Daniele Bruschetta
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  4. Angelo Quartarone M.D.
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Angelo Quartarone M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Banyan Biomarkers, Inc., Alachua, Florida, USA

    Firas H. Kobeissy

  2. Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    C. Edward Dixon

  3. Banyan Biomarkers, Inc. , Alachua, Florida, USA

    Ronald L. Hayes

  4. Banyan Biomarkers, Inc., Alachua, Florida, USA

    Stefania Mondello

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Rajan, T.S., Cuzzocrea, S., Bruschetta, D., Quartarone, A. (2016). Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Novel Therapy in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. In: Kobeissy, F., Dixon, C., Hayes, R., Mondello, S. (eds) Injury Models of the Central Nervous System. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1462. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_24

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_24

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3814-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3816-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

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