Skip to main content

Flow Sorting Plant Chromosomes

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1429))

Abstract

Nuclear genomes of many important plant species are tremendously complicated to map and sequence. The ability to isolate single chromosomes, which represent small units of nuclear genome, is priceless in many areas of plant research including cytogenetics, genomics, and proteomics. Flow cytometry is the only technique which can provide large quantities of pure chromosome fractions suitable for downstream applications including physical mapping, preparation of chromosome-specific BAC libraries, sequencing, and optical mapping. Here, we describe step-by-step procedure of preparation of liquid suspensions of intact mitotic metaphase chromosomes and their flow cytometric analysis and sorting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Doležel J, Vrána J, Cápal P, Kubaláková M, Burešová V, Šimková H (2014) Advances in plant chromosome genomics. Biotechnol Adv 32:122–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gray JW, Carrano AV, Steinmetz LL, Van Dilla MA, Moore DH, Mayall BH, Mendelsohn ML (1975) Chromosome measurement and sorting by flow systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 72:1231–1234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Carrano AV, Gray JW, Langlois RG, Burkhart-Schultz KJ, Van Dilla MA (1979) Measurement and purification of human chromosomes by flow cytometry and sorting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76:1382–1384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. de Laat AMM, Blaas J (1984) Flow-cytometric characterization and sorting of plant chromosomes. Theor Appl Genet 67:463–467

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Doležel J, Vrána J, Šafář J, Bartoš J, Kubaláková M, Šimková H (2012) Chromosomes in the flow to simplify genome analysis. Funct Integr Genomics 12:397–416

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Doležel J, Číhalíková J, Lucretti S (1992) A high-yield procedure for isolation of metaphase chromosomes from root tips of Vicia faba L. Planta 188:93–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gualberti G, Doležel J, Macas J, Lucretti S (1996) Preparation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) chromosome and nucleus suspensions from single root tips. Theor Appl Genet 92:744–751

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kaeppler HF, Kaeppler SM, Lee JH, Arumuganathan K (1997) Synchronization of cell division in root tips of seven major cereal species for high yields of metaphase chromosomes for flow-cytometric analysis and sorting. Plant Mol Biol Rep 15:141–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lysák MA, Číhalíková J, Kubaláková M, Šimková H, Künzel G, Doležel J (1999) Flow karyotyping and sorting of mitotic chromosomes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Chromosome Res 7:431–444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Vrána J, Kubaláková M, Šimková H, Číhalíková J, Lysák MA, Doležel J (2000) Flow-sorting of mitotic chromosomes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genetics 156:2033–2041

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kubaláková M, Valárik M, Bartoš J, Vrána J, Číhalíková J, Molnár-Láng M, Doležel J (2003) Analysis and sorting of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosomes using flow cytometry. Genome 46:893–905

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lee JH, Arumuganathan K, Yen Y, Kaeppler S, Kaeppler H, Baenziger PS (1997) Root tip cell cycle synchronization and metaphase-chromosome isolation suitable for flow sorting in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genome 40:633–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lucretti S, Doležel J (1997) Bivariate flow karyotyping in broad bean (Vicia faba). Cytometry 28:236–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Khlestkina EK (2014) Current applications of wheat and wheat-alien precise genetic stocks. Mol Breeding 34:273–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Giorgi D, Farina A, Grosso V, Gennaro A, Ceoloni C, Lucretti S (2013) FISHIS: fluorescence in situ hybridization in suspension and chromosome flow sorting made easy. PLoS One 8:e57994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Lucretti S, Doležel J, Schubert I, Fuchs J (1993) Flow karyotyping and sorting of Vicia faba chromosomes. Theor Appl Genet 85:665–672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Neumann P, Lysák M, Doležel J, Macas J (1998) Isolation of chromosomes from Pisum sativum L. hairy root cultures and their analysis by flow cytometry. Plant Sci 137:205–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Gill KS, Arumuganathan K, Lee JH (1999) Isolating individual wheat (Triticum aestivum) chromosome arm by flow cytometric analysis of ditelosomic lines. Theor Appl Genet 98:1248–1252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Macas J, Doležel J, Lucretti S, Pich U, Meister A, Fuchs J, Schubert I (1993) Localization of seed protein genes on flow-sorted field bean chromosomes. Chromosome Res 1:107–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Neumann P, Požárková D, Vrána J, Doležel J, Macas J (2002) Chromosome sorting and PCR-based physical mapping in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Chromosome Res 10:63–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Berkman PJ, Skarshewski A, Manoli S, Lorenc MT, Stiller J, Smits L, Lai K, Campbell E, Kubaláková M, Šimková H, Batley J, Doležel J, Hernandez P, Edwards D (2012) Sequencing wheat chromosome arm 7BS delimits the 7BS/4AL translocation and reveals homoeologous gene conservation. Theor Appl Genet 124:423–432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tiwari VK, Wang S, Sehgal S, Vrána J, Friebe B, Kubaláková M, Chhuneja P, Doležel J, Akhunov E, Kalia B, Sabir J, Gill BS (2014) SNP Discovery for mapping alien introgressions in wheat. BMC Genomics 15:273

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Feuillet C, Eversole K (2007) Physical mapping of the wheat genome: a coordinated effort to lay the foundation for genome sequencing and develop tools for breeders. Isr J Plant Sci 55:307–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Choulet F, Alberti A, Theil S, Glover N, Barbe V, Daron J, Pingault L, Sourdille P, Couloux A, Paux E, Leroy P, Mangenot S, Guilhot N, Le Gouis J, Balfourier F, Alaux M, Jamilloux V, Poulain J, Durand C, Bellec A, Gaspin C, Šafář J, Doležel J, Rogers J, Vandepoele K, Aury JM, Mayer K, Berges H, Quesneville H, Wincker P, Feuillet C (2014) Structural and functional partitioning of bread wheat chromosome 3B. Science 345:1249721

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. The International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) (2014) A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome. Science 345:1251788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Valárik M, Bartoš J, Kovářová P, Kubaláková M, de Jong H, Doležel J (2004) High-resolution FISH on super-stretched flow-sorted plant chromosomes. Plant J 37:940–950

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kopecký D, Martis M, Číhalíková J, Hřibová E, Vrána J, Bartoš J, Kopecká J, Cattonaro F, Stočes Š, Novák P, Neumann P, Macas J, Šimková H, Studer B, Asp T, Baird JH, Navrátil P, Karafiátová M, Kubaláková M, Šafář J, Mayer K, Doležel J (2013) Flow sorting and sequencing meadow fescue chromosome 4F. Plant Physiol 163:1323–1337

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Kejnovský E, Vrána J, Matsunaga S, Souček P, Široký J, Doležel J, Vyskot B (2001) Localization of male-specifically expressed MROS genes on Silene latifolia by PCR on flow-sorted sex chromosomes and autosomes. Genetics 158:1269–1277

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Vláčilová K, Ohri D, Vrána J, Číhalíková J, Kubaláková M, Kahl G, Doležel J (2002) Development of flow cytogenetics and physical genome mapping in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Chromosome Res 10:695–706

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Šimková H, Svensson JT, Condamine P, Hřibová E, Suchánková P, Bhat PR, Bartoš J, Šafář J, Close TJ, Doležel J (2008) Coupling amplified DNA from flow-sorted chromosomes to high-density SNP mapping in barley. BMC Genomics 9:294

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Vrána J, Šimková H, Kubaláková M, Číhalíková J, Doležel J (2012) Flow cytometric chromosome sorting in plants: the next generation. Methods 57:331–337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hernandez P, Martis M, Dorado G, Pfeifer M, Gálvez S, Schaaf S, Jouve N, Šimková H, Valárik M, Doležel J, Mayer KFX (2012) Next-generation sequencing and syntenic integration of flow-sorted arms of wheat chromosome 4A exposes the chromosome structure and gene content. Plant J 69:377–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kantar M, Akpınar BA, Valárik M, Lucas SJ, Doležel J, Hernández P, Budak H (2012) Subgenomic analysis of microRNAs in polyploid wheat. Funct Integr Genomics 12:465–479

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Shatalina M, Wicker T, Buchmann JP, Oberhaensli S, Šimková H, Doležel J, Keller B (2013) Genotype-specific SNP map based on whole chromosome 3B sequence information from wheat cultivars Arina and Forno. Plant Biotechnol J 11:23–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Martis MM, Klemme S, Banaei-Moghaddam AM, Blattner FR, Macas J, Schmutzer T, Scholz U, Gundlach H, Wicker T, Šimková H, Novák P, Neumann P, Kubaláková M, Bauer E, Haseneyer G, Fuchs J, Doležel J, Stein N, Mayer KFX, Houben A (2012) Selfish supernumerary chromosome reveals its origin as a mosaic of host genome and organellar sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:13343–13346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Martis MM, Zhou R, Haseneyer G, Schmutzer T, Vrána J, Kubaláková M, König S, Kugler KG, Scholz U, Hackauf B, Korzun V, Schön CC, Doležel J, Bauer E, Mayer KFX, Stein N (2013) Reticulate evolution of the rye genome. Plant Cell 25:3685–3698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Šimková H, Číhalíková J, Vrána J, Lysák MA, Doležel J (2003) Preparation of HMW DNA from plant nuclei and chromosomes isolated from root tips. Biol Plant 46:369–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Zatloukalová P, Hřibová E, Kubaláková M, Suchánková P, Šimková H, Adoración C, Kahl G, Millán T, Doležel J (2011) Integration of genetic and physical maps of the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genome using flow-sorted chromosomes. Chromosome Res 19:729–739

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kofler R, Bartoš J, Gong L, Stift G, Suchánková P, Šimková H, Berenyi M, Burg K, Doležel J, Lelley T (2008) Development of microsatellite markers specific for the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1. Theor Appl Genet 117:915–926

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wenzl P, Suchánková P, Carling J, Šimková H, Huttner E, Kubaláková M, Sourdille P, Paul E, Feuillet C, Kilian A, Doležel J (2010) Isolated chromosomes as a new and efficient source of DArT markers for the saturation of genetic maps. Theor Appl Genet 121:465–474

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Šimková H, Šafář J, Kubaláková M, Suchánková P, Číhalíková J, Robert-Quatre H, Azhaguvel P, Weng Y, Peng J, Lapitan NLV, Ma Y, You FM, Luo M-C, Bartoš J, Doležel J (2011) BAC libraries from wheat chromosome 7D: efficient tool for positional cloning of aphid resistance genes. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011: 302543

    Google Scholar 

  42. Šafář J, Bartoš J, Janda J, Bellec A, Kubaláková M, Valárik M, Pateyron S, Weiserová J, Tušková R, Číhalíková J, Vrána J, Šimková H, Faivre-Rampant P, Sourdille P, Caboche M, Bernard M, Doležel J, Chalhoub B (2004) Dissecting large and complex genomes: flow sorting and BAC cloning of individual chromosomes from bread wheat. Plant J 39:960–968

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Janda J, Šafář J, Kubaláková M, Bartoš J, Kovářová P, Suchánková P, Pateyron S, Číhalíková J, Sourdille P, Šimková H, Faivre-Rampant P, Hřibová E, Bernard M, Lukaszewski A, Doležel J, Chalhoub B (2006) Advanced resources for plant genomics: BAC library specific for the short arm of wheat chromosome 1B. Plant J 47:977–986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Šimková H, Šafář J, Suchánková P, Kovářová P, Bartoš J, Kubaláková M, Janda J, Číhalíková J, Mago R, Lelley T, Doležel J (2008) A novel resource for genomics of Triticeae: BAC library specific for the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1R (1RS). BMC Genomics 9:237

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Petrovská B, Jeřábková H, Chamrád I, Vrána J, Lenobel R, Uřinovská J, Šebela M, Doležel J (2014) Proteomic analysis of barley cell nuclei purified by flow sorting. Cytogenet Genome Res 143:78–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Molnár I, Kubaláková M, Šimková H, Cseh A, Molnár-Láng M, Doležel J (2011) Chromosome isolation by flow sorting in Aegilops umbellulata and Ae comosa and their allotetraploid hybrids Ae biuncialis and Ae geniculata. PLoS One 6:e27708

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Králová T, Čegan R, Kubát Z, Vrána J, Vyskot B, Vogel I, Kejnovský E, Hobza R (2014) Identification of a novel retrotransposon with sex chromosome-specific distribution in Silene latifolia. Cytogenet Genome Res 143:87–95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kubaláková M, Kovářová P, Suchánková P, Číhalíková J, Bartoš J, Lucretti S, Watanabe N, Kianian SF, Doležel J (2005) Chromosome sorting in tetraploid wheat and its potential for genome analysis. Genetics 170:823–829

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Kovářová P, Navrátilová A, Macas J, Doležel J (2007) Chromosome analysis and sorting in Vicia sativa using flow cytometry. Biol Plant 51:43–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by grant LO1204 from the National Program of Sustainability I. We also thank Ms. Zdeňka Dubská and Ms. Romana Šperková for excellent technical assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jan Vrána .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Vrána, J., Cápal, P., Číhalíková, J., Kubaláková, M., Doležel, J. (2016). Flow Sorting Plant Chromosomes. In: Kianian, S., Kianian, P. (eds) Plant Cytogenetics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1429. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3622-9_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3622-9_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3620-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3622-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics