Abstract
In this chapter, we will cover the available design choices for enabling expression of two functional protein or RNA sequences from a single viral vector. Such vectors are very useful in the neuroscience-related field of neuronal control and modulation, e.g., using optogenetics or DREADDs, but are also desirable in applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in situ genome editing and more refined therapeutic approaches. Each approach to achieving this combined expression has its own strengths and limitations, which makes them more or less suitable for different applications. In this chapter, we describe the available alternatives and provide tips on how they can be implemented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126:663–676
Deisseroth K, Schnitzer MJ (2013) Engineering approaches to illuminating brain structure and dynamics. Neuron 80:568–577
Giguere PM, Kroeze WK, Roth BL (2014) Tuning up the right signal: chemical and genetic approaches to study GPCR functions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 27:51–55
Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (2014) Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell 157:1262–1278
Maude SL, Frey N, Shaw PA et al (2014) Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia. N Engl J Med 371:1507–1517
Maguire AM, High KA, Auricchio A et al (2009) Age-dependent effects of RPE65 gene therapy for Leber’s congenital amaurosis: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet 374:1597–1605
Palfi S, Gurruchaga J-M, Ralph GS et al (2014) Long-term safety and tolerability of ProSavin, a lentiviral vector-based gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease: a dose escalation, open-label, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet 383:1138–1146
Cederfjäll E, Sahin G, Kirik D et al (2012) Design of a single AAV vector for coexpression of TH and GCH1 to establish continuous DOPA synthesis in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Mol Ther 20:1315–1326
Sommer CA, Stadtfeld M, Murphy GJ et al (2009) Induced pluripotent stem cell generation using a single lentiviral stem cell cassette. Stem Cells 27:543–549
Swiech L, Heidenreich M, Banerjee A et al (2014) In vivo interrogation of gene function in the mammalian brain using CRISPR-Cas9. Nat Biotechnol 33(1):102–106
Gibson DG, Young L, Chuang R-Y et al (2009) Enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases. Nat Methods 6:343–345
Chen X, Zaro JL, Shen W-C (2013) Fusion protein linkers: property, design and functionality. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65:1357–1369
Muyldermans S (2013) Nanobodies: natural single-domain antibodies. Annu Rev Biochem 82:775–797
Ekstrand MI, Nectow AR, Knight ZA et al (2014) Molecular profiling of neurons based on connectivity. Cell 157:1230–1242
Gradinaru V, Thompson KR, Deisseroth K (2008) eNpHR: a Natronomonas halorhodopsin enhanced for optogenetic applications. Brain Cell Biol 36:129–139
Gradinaru V, Zhang F, Ramakrishnan C et al (2010) Molecular and cellular approaches for diversifying and extending optogenetics. Cell 141:154–165
Luke GA, de Felipe P, Lukashev A et al (2008) Occurrence, function and evolutionary origins of “2A-like” sequences in virus genomes. J Gen Virol 89:1036–1042
Donnelly ML, Luke G, Mehrotra A et al (2001) Analysis of the aphthovirus 2A/2B polyprotein ‘cleavage’ mechanism indicates not a proteolytic reaction, but a novel translational effect: a putative ribosomal “skip”. J Gen Virol 82:1013–1025
Shao L, Feng W, Sun Y et al (2009) Generation of iPS cells using defined factors linked via the self-cleaving 2A sequences in a single open reading frame. Cell Res 19:296–306
Szymczak AL, Workman CJ, Wang Y et al (2004) Correction of multi-gene deficiency in vivo using a single “self-cleaving” 2A peptide-based retroviral vector. Nat Biotechnol 22:589–594
Pelletier J, Sonenberg N (1988) Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence derived from poliovirus RNA. Nature 334:320–325
Amendola M, Venneri MA, Biffi A et al (2005) Coordinate dual-gene transgenesis by lentiviral vectors carrying synthetic bidirectional promoters. Nat Biotechnol 23:108–116
Sanjana NE, Shalem O, Zhang F (2014) Improved vectors and genome-wide libraries for CRISPR screening. Nat Methods 11:783–784
Fagoe ND, Eggers R, Verhaagen J et al (2014) A compact dual promoter adeno-associated viral vector for efficient delivery of two genes to dorsal root ganglion neurons. Gene Ther 21:242–252
Chenuaud P, Larcher T, Rabinowitz JE et al (2004) Optimal design of a single recombinant adeno-associated virus derived from serotypes 1 and 2 to achieve more tightly regulated transgene expression from nonhuman primate muscle. Mol Ther 9:410–418
Kügler S, Lingor P, Schöll U et al (2003) Differential transgene expression in brain cells in vivo and in vitro from AAV-2 vectors with small transcriptional control units. Virology 311:89–95
Manfredsson FP, Burger C, Rising AC et al (2009) Tight long-term dynamic doxycycline responsive nigrostriatal GDNF using a single rAAV vector. Mol Ther 17:1857–1867
Björklund T, Hall H, Breysse N et al (2009) Optimization of continuous in vivo DOPA production and studies on ectopic DA synthesis using rAAV5 vectors in Parkinsonian rats. J Neurochem 111:355–367
Levitt N, Briggs D, Gil A et al (1989) Definition of an efficient synthetic poly(A) site. Genes Dev 3:1019–1025
Zufferey R, Donello JE, Trono D et al (1999) Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element enhances expression of transgenes delivered by retroviral vectors. J Virol 73:2886–2892
O’Malley RP, Mariano TM, Siekierka J et al (1986) A mechanism for the control of protein synthesis by adenovirus VA RNAI. Cell 44:391–400
Stachniak TJ, Ghosh A, Sternson SM (2014) Chemogenetic synaptic silencing of neural circuits localizes a hypothalamus→midbrain pathway for feeding behavior. Neuron 82:797–808
Parnaudeau S, O’Neill P-K, Bolkan SS et al (2013) Inhibition of mediodorsal thalamus disrupts thalamofrontal connectivity and cognition. Neuron 77:1151–1162
Amendola M, Giustacchini A, Gentner B et al (2013) A double-switch vector system positively regulates transgene expression by endogenous microRNA expression (miR-ON vector). Mol Ther 21:934–946
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Björklund, T. (2016). Expression of Multiple Functional RNAs or Proteins from One Viral Vector. In: Manfredsson, F. (eds) Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1382. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3271-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3271-9_3
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3270-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3271-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols