Abstract
With the advent of targeted therapies—drugs that specifically target molecules of tumor-driving signalling pathways—and the availability of biomarkers that predict the response of an individual patient on such a targeted therapy, the analysis of the status of the biomarker became an integral part of the therapy. For metastatic colorectal cancer, anti-EGFR-targeted antibodies (Cetuximab/Erbitux®, Panitumumab/Vectibix®) fall into this category of drugs as it was shown in several clinical studies that oncogenic mutations in exons 2–4 of the RAS genes KRAS or NRAS result in therapeutic resistance of the metastatic colorectal cancers against the action of both targeted drugs. Therefore, mutations in the RAS genes exclude patients from this kind of targeted therapy (negative biomarker). Thus the molecular-pathological testing of the mutational status of KRAS and NRAS has become an important cornerstone in planning oncological strategies in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. As the profile of mutations in the RAS genes is characterized by hotspot mutations in only a small number of codons (12, 13 in exon 2–59, 61 in exon 3–117, 146 in exon 4). Pyrosequencing® is an ideal and robust tool in the molecular-pathological detection. A detailed protocol for this detection procedure employing Pyrosequencing® is given here.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M et al (2008) Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26:1626–1634
Warner S (2004) Diagnostics + therapy = theranostics. The Scientist 18:38
Biomarker Working Group (2001) Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:89–95
Koopman M, Venderbosch S, Nagtegaal ID et al (2009) A review on the use of molecular markers of cytotoxic therapy for colorectal cancer, what have we learned? Eur J Cancer 45:1935–1949
Winder T, Lenz HJ (2010) Molecular predictive and prognostic markers in colon cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 36:550–556
Schubbert S, Shannon K, Bollag G (2007) Hyperactive Ras in developmental disorders and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 7:295–308
Bokemeyer C, Bondarenko I, Makhson A et al (2009) Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin with and without cetuximab in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:663–671
Douillard JY, Siena S, Cassidy J et al (2010) Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME study. J Clin Oncol 28:4697–4705
Van Cutsem E, Kohne CH, Hitre E et al (2009) Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 360:1408–1417
Douillard J-Y, Oliner KS, Siena S et al (2013) Panitumumab–FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 369:1023
Schwartzberg LS, Rivera F, Karthaus M et al (2014) PEAK: a randomized, multicenter phase II study of panitumumab plus modified fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) or bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX6 in patients with previously untreated, unresectable, wild-type KRAS exon 2 metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 32:2240–2247
Heinemann V, Fischer von Weikersthal L, Decker T et al (2013) Randomized comparison of FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment of KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: German AIO study KRK-0306 (FIRE-3). J Clin Oncol 31, LBA3506
Rychlik W, Rhoads RE (1989) A computer program for choosing optimal oligonucleotides for filter hybridization, sequencing and in vitro amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 17:8543–8551
Rychlik W, Spencer WJ, Rhoads RE (1990) Optimization of the annealing temperature for DNA amplification in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 18:6409–6412
Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1999) Digital PCR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:9236–9241
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Jung, A. (2015). Extended KRAS and NRAS Mutation Profiling by Pyrosequencing® . In: Lehmann, U., Tost, J. (eds) Pyrosequencing. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1315. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2715-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2715-9_5
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2714-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2715-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols