Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Accessory Limb Model: An Alternative Experimental System of Limb Regeneration

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Salamanders in Regeneration Research

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1290))

Abstract

Accessory limb model (ALM) was developed as an experimental model and functional assay for limb regeneration. The ALM provides several ways to identify pathways and test for signaling molecules that regulate limb regeneration. Here, we summarize the history of the ALM and describe the specific details involved in inducing ectopic blastemas and limbs from a skin wound on the side of the arm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bryant SV, Endo T, Gardiner DM (2002) Vertebrate limb regeneration and the origin of limb stem cells. Int J Dev Biol 46:887–896

    Google Scholar 

  2. Endo T, Bryant SV, Gardiner DM (2004) A stepwise model system for limb regeneration. Dev Biol 270:135–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Seifert AW, Kiama SG, Seifert MG, Goheen JR, Palmer TM, Maden M (2012) Skin shedding and tissue regeneration in African spiny mice (Acomys). Nature 489:561–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Levesque M, Villiard E, Roy S (2010) Skin wound healing in axolotls: a scarless process. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 314:684–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Goss RJ (1969) Principles of regeneration. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  6. Mescher AL (1976) Effects on adult newt limb regeneration of partial and complete skin flaps over the amputation surface. J Exp Zool 195:117–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bodemer CW (1958) The development of nerve-induced supernumerary limbs in the adult newt, Triturus viridescens. J Morphol 102:555–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bodemer CW (1959) Observations on the mechanism of induction of supernumerary limbs in adult Triturus viridescens. J Exp Zool 140:79–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Egar MW (1988) Accessory limb production by nerve-induced cell proliferation. Anat Rec 221:550–564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lheureux E (1977) Importance of limb tissue associations in the development of nerve-induced supernumerary limbs in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (author’s transl.). J Embryol Exp Morphol 38:151–173

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Maden M, Holder N (1984) Axial characteristics of nerve induced supernumerary limbs in the axolotl. Roux’s Arch Dev Biol 193:394–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Reynolds S, Holder N, Fernandes M (1983) The form and structure of supernumerary hindlimbs formed following skin grafting and nerve deviation in the newt Triturus cristatus. J Embryol Exp Morphol 77:221–241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Satoh A, Graham GM, Bryant SV, Gardiner DM (2008) Neurotrophic regulation of epidermal dedifferentiation during wound healing and limb regeneration in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Dev Biol 319:321–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Stocum DL (2011) The role of peripheral nerves in urodele limb regeneration. Eur J Neurosci 34:908–916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Gardiner DM, Muneoka K, Bryant SV (1986) The migration of dermal cells during blastema formation in axolotls. Dev Biol 118:488–493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kragl M, Knapp D, Nacu E, Khattak S, Maden M, Epperlein HH, Tanaka EM (2009) Cells keep a memory of their tissue origin during axolotl limb regeneration. Nature 460:60–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Muneoka K, Fox WF, Bryant SV (1986) Cellular contribution from dermis and cartilage to the regenerating limb blastema in axolotls. Dev Biol 116:256–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Makanae A, Satoh A (2012) Early regulation of axolotl limb regeneration. Anat Rec 295:1566–1574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Tabata Y, Hijikata S, Muniruzzaman M, Ikada Y (1999) Neovascularization effect of biodegradable gelatin microspheres incorporating basic fibroblast growth factor. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 10:79–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bryant SV (1976) Regenerative failure of double half limbs in Notophthalmus viridescens. Nature 263:676–679

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (KAKENHI #23124508 to AS and #22124006 to TE).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, Nissin, Aichi, 470-0195, Japan

    Tetsuya Endo

  2. Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, 4311 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2305, USA

    David M. Gardiner

  3. Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan

    Aki Makanae & Akira Satoh Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Tetsuya Endo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David M. Gardiner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aki Makanae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Akira Satoh Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Akira Satoh Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom

    Anoop Kumar

  2. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

    András Simon

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Endo, T., Gardiner, D.M., Makanae, A., Satoh, A. (2015). The Accessory Limb Model: An Alternative Experimental System of Limb Regeneration. In: Kumar, A., Simon, A. (eds) Salamanders in Regeneration Research. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1290. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2495-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2495-0_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2494-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2495-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation