Abstract
Limb regeneration of salamanders is nerve dependent, and the removal of the nerves in early stages of limb regeneration severely curtails the proliferation of the blastemal cells and growth of the regenerate. The removal of the neural tube from a developing salamander embryo results in an aneurogenic larva and the aneurogenic limb (ANL) develops independently without innervation. Paradoxically, the limb in an ANL is capable of regeneration in a nerve-independent manner. Here, we describe a detailed method for the generation of ANL in the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum, for regeneration studies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Brownell I, Guevara E, Bai CB, Loomis CA, Joyner AL (2011) Nerve-derived sonic hedgehog defines a niche for hair follicle stem cells capable of becoming epidermal stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 8:552–565
Takeo M, Chou WC, Sun Q, Lee W, Rabbani P, Loomis C, Taketo MM, Ito M (2013) Wnt activation in nail epithelium couples nail growth to digit regeneration. Nature 499:228–232
Yamazaki S, Ema H, Karlsson G, Yamaguchi T, Miyoshi H, Shioda S, Taketo MM, Karlsson S, Iwama A, Nakauchi H (2011) Nonmyelinating Schwann cells maintain hematopoietic stem cell hibernation in the bone marrow niche. Cell 147:1146–1158
Buckley G, Metcalfe AD, Ferguson MW (2011) Peripheral nerve regeneration in the MRL/MpJ ear wound model. J Anat 218:163–172
Buckley G, Wong J, Metcalfe AD, Ferguson MW (2012) Denervation affects regenerative responses in MRL/MpJ and repair in C57BL/6 ear wounds. J Anat 220:3–12
Todd TJ (1823) On the process of reproduction of the members of the aquatic salamander. Q J Sci Lit Arts 16:84–96
Kumar A, Brockes JP (2012) Nerve dependence in tissue, organ, and appendage regeneration. Trends Neurosci 35:691–699
Singer M (1952) The influence of the nerve in regeneration of the amphibian extremity. Q Rev Biol 27:169–200
Stocum DL (2011) The role of peripheral nerves in urodele limb regeneration. Eur J Neurosci 34:908–916
Brockes JP, Kumar A (2002) Plasticity and reprogramming of differentiated cells in amphibian regeneration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3:566–574
Simon A, Tanaka EM (2013) Limb regeneration. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 2:291–300
Sandoval-Guzman T, Wang H, Khattak S, Schuez M, Roensch K, Nacu E, Tazaki A, Joven A, Tanaka EM, Simon A (2014) Fundamental differences in dedifferentiation and stem cell recruitment during skeletal muscle regeneration in two salamander species. Cell Stem Cell 14:174–187
Lentz TL (1967) Fine structure of nerves in the regenerating limb of the newt Triturus. Am J Anat 121:647–669
Salpeter MM (1965) Disposition of nerve fibers in the regenerating limb of the adult newt, Triturus. J Morphol 117:201–211
Singer M (1949) The invasion of the epidermis of the regenerating forelimb of the urodele, Triturus, by nerve fibers. J Exp Zool 111:189–209
Brockes JP (1984) Mitogenic growth factors and nerve dependence of limb regeneration. Science 225:1280–1287
Singer M, Craven L (1948) The growth and morphogenesis of the regenerating forelimb of adult Triturus following denervation at various stages of development. J Exp Zool 108:279–308
Gordon H, Brockes JP (1988) Appearance and regulation of an antigen associated with limb regeneration in Notophthalmus viridescens. J Exp Zool 247:232–243
Mescher AL (1976) Effects on adult newt limb regeneration of partial and complete skin flaps over the amputation surface. J Exp Zool 195:117–128
Singer M, Rzehak K, Maier CS (1967) The relation between the caliber of the axon and the trophic activity of nerves in limb regeneration. J Exp Zool 166:89–97
Kumar A, Godwin JW, Gates PB, Garza-Garcia AA, Brockes JP (2007) Molecular basis for the nerve dependence of limb regeneration in an adult vertebrate. Science 318:772–777
Garza-Garcia A, Harris R, Esposito D, Gates PB, Driscoll PC (2009) Solution structure and phylogenetics of Prod1, a member of the three-finger protein superfamily implicated in salamander limb regeneration. PLoS One 4:e7123
Garza-Garcia A, Driscoll PC, Brockes JP (2010) Evidence for the local evolution of mechanisms underlying limb regeneration in salamanders. Integr Comp Biol 50:528–535
Morais da Silva S, Gates PB, Brockes JP (2002) The newt ortholog of CD59 is implicated in proximodistal identity during amphibian limb regeneration. Dev Cell 3:547–555
Kumar A, Gates PB, Brockes JP (2007) Positional identity of adult stem cells in salamander limb regeneration. C R Biol 330:485–490
Galis F, Wagner GP, Jockusch EL (2003) Why is limb regeneration possible in amphibians but not in reptiles, birds, and mammals? Evol Dev 5:208–220
Harrison RG (1907) Experiments in transplanting limbs and their bearing upon the problems of the development of nerves. J Exp Zool 4:239–281
Fekete DM, Brockes JP (1988) Evidence that the nerve controls molecular identity of progenitor cells for limb regeneration. Development 103:567–573
Yntema CL (1959) Blastema formation in sparsely innervated and aneurogenic forelimbs of ambystoma larvae. J Exp Zool 142:423–439
Tassava RA, Olsen-Winner CL (2003) Responses to amputation of denervated ambystoma limbs containing aneurogenic limb grafts. J Exp Zool 297:64–79
Thornton CS, Thornton MT (1970) Recuperation of regeneration in denervated limbs of ambystoma larvae. J Exp Zool 173:293–301
Kumar A, Delgado JP, Gates PB, Neville G, Forge A, Brockes JP (2011) The aneurogenic limb identifies developmental cell interactions underlying vertebrate limb regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:13588–13593
Hamburger VA (1966) A manual of experimental embryology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
Johnson LG (2001) Patterns & experiments in developmental biology. McGraw Hill, London
Hubel DH (1957) Tungsten Microelectrode for recording from single units. Science 125:549–550
Acknowledgements
We thank Professor Jeremy Brockes for advice and support. Our work is funded by a Program Grant and MRC Research Professorship to Jeremy Brockes. JP Delgado is funded by Programa-Sostenibilidad 2013–2014, University of Antioquia, Colombia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Kumar, A., Delgado, J.P. (2015). Generation of Aneurogenic Larvae by Parabiosis of Salamander Embryos. In: Kumar, A., Simon, A. (eds) Salamanders in Regeneration Research. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1290. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2495-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2495-0_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2494-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2495-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols