Abstract
In this chapter the use of X-ray diffraction to study the structure of lyotropic phases and lipid model membranes is described. Determination of the phase symmetry and lattice parameters from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and of the nature of the hydrocarbon chain packing from wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), are discussed. Methods by which the sign of the interfacial curvature of non-lamellar phases may be determined are then presented. Finally, the calculation of electron density profiles from the intensities of the observed Bragg peaks is described, for the lamellar phase and for the inverse hexagonal phase.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Luzzati V (1968) X-ray diffraction studies of lipid-water systems. In: Chapman D (ed) Biological membranes. Academic, New York, pp 71–123
Tristram-Nagle S, Nagle JF (2004) Lipid bilayers: thermodynamics, structure, fluctuations and interactions. Chem Phys Lipids 127:3–14
Pabst G, Kucerka N, Nieh M-P, Rheinstaedter MC, Katsaras J (2010) Applications of neutron and X-ray scattering to the study of biologically relevant model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 163:460–479
Tardieu A, Luzzati V, Reman FC (1973) Structure and polymorphism of the hydrocarbon chains of lipids: a study of lecithin-water phases. J Mol Biol 75:711–733
Mills TT, Tristram-Nagle S, Heberle FA, Morales NF, Zhao J, Wu J, Toombes GES, Nagle JF, Feigenson GW (2008) Liquid-liquid domains in bilayers detected by wide angle x-ray scattering. Biophys J 95:682–690
Luzzati V, Vargas R, Mariani P, Gulik A, Delacroix H (1993) Cubic phases of lipid-containing systems. Elements of a theory and biological connotations. J Mol Biol 229:540–551
Aeffner S, Reusch T, Weinhausen B, Salditt T (2009) Membrane fusion intermediates and the effect of cholesterol: an in-house x-ray scattering study. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 30:205–214
Pabst B, Heberle FA, Katsaras J (2013) X-ray scattering of lipid membranes. In: Roberts GCR (ed) Encyclopedia of biophysics. Springer, Berlin, pp 2785–2791
Wolfson MM (1997) An introduction to X-ray crystallography, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Pecharsky VK, Zavalij PY (2003) Fundamentals of powder diffraction and structural characterisation of materials. Springer, Berlin
Seddon JM, Squires AM, Conn CE, Ces O, Heron AJ, Mulet X, Shearman GC, Templer RH (2006) Pressure-jump X-ray studies of liquid crystal transitions in lipids. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 364:2635–2655
Brooks NJ, Gauthe LLE, Terrill NJ, Rogers SE, Templer RH, Ces O, Seddon JM (2010) Automated high pressure cell for pressure-jump x-ray diffraction. Rev Sci Instrum 81:064103
Huang TC, Toraya H, Blanton TN, Wu Y (1993) X-ray-powder diffraction analysis of silver behenate, a possible low-angle diffraction standard. J Appl Cryst 26:180–184
International Tables for Crystallography (1983) In Th Hahn (ed) Volume A: space-group symmetry
Shearman GC, Tyler AII, Brooks NJ, Templer RH, Ces O, Law RV, Seddon JM (2009) A 3-D hexagonal inverse micellar lyotropic phase. J Am Chem Soc 131:1678–1679
Seddon JM, Templer RH (1995) Polymorphism of lipid-water systems. In: Lipowsky R, Sackmann E (eds) Handbook of biological physics vol. 1, structure and dynamics of membranes. Elsevier SPC, Amsterdam, pp 97–160
Mariani P, Luzzati V, Delacroix H (1988) Cubic phases of lipid-containing systems—structure-analysis and biological implications. J Mol Biol 204:165–189
Seddon JM (1990) Structure of the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase and non-lamellar phase transitions of lipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1031:1–69
Kulkarni CV, Tang T-Y, Seddon AM, Seddon JM, Ces O, Templer RH (2010) Engineering bicontinuous cubic structures at the nanoscale-the role of chain splay. Soft Matter 6:3191–3194
Franks NP, Levine YK (1981) Low-angle X-ray diffraction. In: Grell E (ed) Membrane spectroscopy. Springer, Berlin, pp 437–487
Shannon CE (1949) Communication in the presence of noise. Proc Inst Radio Eng 37:10–21
McIntosh TJ, Simon SA, Ellington JC, Porter NA (1984) A new structural model for mixed-chain phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Biochemistry 23:4038–4044
Luzzati V, Vargas R, Gulik A, Mariani P, Seddon JM, Rivas E (1992) Lipid polymorphism: a correction. The structure of the cubic phase of extinction symbol Fd– consists of two types of disjointed reverse micelles embedded in a 3D hydrocarbon matrix. Biochemistry 31:279–285
Janssen T, Janner A, Looijenga-Vos A, de Wolff PM (1995) International tables for crystallography. Kluwer, London
Blaurock AE, Worthing CR (1966) Treatment of low angle x-ray data from planar and concentric multilayered structures. Biophys J 6:305–312
Harper PE, Mannock DA, Lewis NAH, McElhaney RN, Gruner SM (2001) X-ray diffraction structures of some phosphatidylethanolamine lamellar and inverted hexagonal phases. Biophys J 81:2693–2706
Lonsdale K (1936) Simplified structure factor and electron density formulae for the 230 space groups of mathematical crystallography. G. Bell & Sons, London
International Tables for X-ray Crystallography. Vol I. In NFM Henry, K Lonsdale (eds), Kynoch Press, Birmingham (1969)
Seddon JM, Robins J, Gulik-Krzywicki T, Delacroix H (2000) Inverse micellar phases of phospholipids and glycolipids. Invited lecture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2:4485–4493
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Tyler, A.I.I., Law, R.V., Seddon, J.M. (2015). X-Ray Diffraction of Lipid Model Membranes. In: Owen, D. (eds) Methods in Membrane Lipids. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1232. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1752-5_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1752-5_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1751-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1752-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols