Abstract
Microparticle image velocimetry (μPIV) is an evolving quantitative methodology to closely and accurately monitor the cardiac flow dynamics and mechanotransduction during vascular morphogenesis. While PIV technique has a long history, contemporary developments in advanced microscopy have significantly expanded its power. This chapter includes three new methods for μPIV acquisition in selected embryonic structures achieved through advanced optical imaging: (1) high-speed confocal scanning of transgenic zebrafish embryos, where the transgenic erythrocytes act as the tracing particles; (2) microinjection of artificial seeding particles in chick embryos visualized with stereomicroscopy; and (3) real-time, time-resolved optical coherence tomography acquisition of vitelline vessel flow profiles in chick embryos, tracking the erythrocytes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Pekkan K, Keller BB (2013) Developmental fetal cardiovascular biomechanics in the 21st century: another tipping point. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 4:231–233
Buskohl PR, Jenkins JT, Butcher JT (2012) Computational simulation of hemodynamic-driven growth and remodeling of embryonic atrioventricular valves. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 11:1205–1217
Kowalski WJ, Dur O, Wang Y, Patrick MJ, Tinney JP, Keller BB, Pekkan K (2013) Critical transitions in early embryonic aortic arch patterning and hemodynamics. PLoS One 8:e60271
Oosterbaan AM, Ursem NT, Struijk PC, Bosch JG, van der Steen AF, Steegers EA (2009) Doppler flow velocity waveforms in the embryonic chicken heart at developmental stages corresponding to 5–8 weeks of human gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 33:638–644
Gu S, Jenkins MW, Peterson LM, Doughman YQ, Rollins AM, Watanabe M (2012) Optical coherence tomography captures rapid hemodynamic responses to acute hypoxia in the cardiovascular system of early embryos. Dev Dyn 241:534–544
Chen C, Menon PG, Kowalski W, Pekkan K (2013) Time-resolved OCT-μPIV: a new microscopic PIV technique for noninvasive depth-resolved pulsatile flow profile acquisition. Exp Fluids 54:1426
Vennemann P, Kiger KT, Lindken R, Groenendijk BC, Stekelenburg-de Vos S, ten Hagen TL, Ursem NT, Poelmann RE, Westerweel J, Hierck BP (2006) In vivo micro particle image velocimetry measurements of blood-plasma in the embryonic avian heart. J Biomech 39:1191–1200
Martinsen BJ (2005) Reference guide to the stages of chick heart embryology. Dev Dyn 233:1217–1237
Bakkers J (2011) Zebrafish as a model to study cardiac development and human cardiac disease. Cardiovasc Res 91:279–288
Manner J (2000) Cardiac looping in the chick embryo: a morphological review with special reference to terminological and biomechanical aspects of the looping process. Anat Rec 259:248–262
Chen CY, Patrick MJ, Corti P, Kowalski W, Roman BL, Pekkan K (2011) Analysis of early embryonic great-vessel microcirculation in zebrafish using high-speed confocal muPIV. Biorheology 48:305–321
Corti P, Young S, Chen CY, Patrick MJ, Rochon ER, Pekkan K, Roman BL (2011) Interaction between alk1 and blood flow in the development of arteriovenous malformations. Development 138:1573–1582
Westerfield M (2000) The Zebrafish book. University of Oregon Press, Eugene
Sepich DS, Wegner J, O’Shea S, Westerfield M (1998) An altered intron inhibits synthesis of the acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit in the paralyzed zebrafish mutant nic1. Genetics 148:361–372
Choi J, Dong L, Ahn J, Dao D, Hammerschmidt M, Chen JN (2007) FoxH1 negatively modulates flk1 gene expression and vascular formation in zebrafish. Dev Biol 304:735–744
Traver D, Paw BH, Poss KD, Penberthy WT, Lin S, Zon LI (2003) Transplantation and in vivo imaging of multilineage engraftment in zebrafish bloodless mutants. Nat Immunol 4:1238–1246
Hamburger V, Hamilton HL (1951) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J Morphol 88:49–92
Patrick MJ, Chen C, Frakes DH, Dur O, Pekkan K (2011) Cellular-level near-wall unsteadiness of high-hematocrit erythrocyte flow using confocal μpIV. Exp Fluids 50:887–904
Wagman AJ, Hu N, Clark EB (1990) Effect of changes in circulating blood volume on cardiac output and arterial and ventricular blood pressure in the stage 18, 24, and 29 chick embryo. Circ Res 67:187–192
Keane RD, Adrian RJ (1990) Optimization of particle image velocimeters. 1. Double pulsed systems. Meas Sci Technol 11:1202–1215
Olsen MG, Adrian RJ (2000) Out-of-focus effects on particle image visibility and correlation in microscopic particle image velocimetry. Exp Fluids 29:S166–S174
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank funding provided through European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Young Investigator Program and European Research Council 307460.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Goktas, S., Chen, CY., Kowalski, W.J., Pekkan, K. (2015). Hemodynamic Flow Visualization of Early Embryonic Great Vessels Using μPIV. In: Nelson, C. (eds) Tissue Morphogenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1189. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1164-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1164-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1163-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1164-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols