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In Vitro Toxicology Systems pp 241–267Cite as

Immunotoxicity

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Part of the book series: Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology ((MIPT))

Abstract

Immunotoxicology has been discussed but little addressed in practice of toxicity testing over the last two decades. Current guidance relies on animal tests, which include some immune endpoints in repeated dose tests and call for dedicated tests only when certain alerts indicate a problem, which cannot be evaluated on the evidence obtained so far. At the same time, a wealth of in vitro approaches has been developed in basic and clinical immunology as well as pharmacological agent discovery, but little has been adopted for routine testing. The extent to which immunotoxicity of chemicals represents a health problem for the human population is not clear. It appears that responses of healthy individuals to immunological challenges differ widely and most immunomodulators have little adverse effects, except when coinciding with an infectious or malignant challenge, where the odds of progressing into infection and autoimmune diseases as well as cancer can be changed. The enormous overcapacity of immune defense and their fast restoration contribute to limiting health threats for the individual, though on a population level also minor immunomodulations might result in increased morbidities. In vitro alternative approaches might offer an opportunity to screen for problematic substances and prioritizing them for testing. New approaches emerge from mapping of pathways of immunotoxicity. Increasingly, the contribution of inflammatory and infectious components to the adverse outcome pathways of chemicals for various hazards is recognized, urging to include tests for proinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties into integrated testing strategies.

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Acknowledgements

This article is based on a publication “Immunotoxicology: Challenges in the 21st century and in vitro opportunities” in the Food for Thought series in ALTEX 4’2013 [112]. The discussions and work with the ECVAM taskforce on immunotoxicology and the participants of the respective ECVAM workshop are gratefully appreciated. The author holds patents on the whole blood pyrogen test and cryopreserved blood mentioned above and is supported also by NIH (3R01ES018845-04S1). The work on pathway of toxicity mapping referred to is financed by NIH (1R01ES020750).

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  1. Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, W7035, 615N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Thomas Hartung

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Correspondence to Thomas Hartung .

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  1. European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese, Italy

    Anna Bal-Price

  2. Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria

    Paul Jennings

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Hartung, T. (2014). Immunotoxicity. In: Bal-Price, A., Jennings, P. (eds) In Vitro Toxicology Systems. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0521-8_11

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