Abstract
The third stage of Infective juveniles (IJs) habitually traces suitable hosts when the insects feed, through chemical cues produced from plant roots damaged by herbivores. EPNs are attracted to CO2 and volatile substances emitted by soil insects and plant roots. Besides, other chemical mixtures, belonging to diverse chemical categories persuade chemotaxis in nematodes. Multitrophic interactions that use and exchange this chemical information play key role in protection of plant and predator-prey mechanics in the chemical ecology of EPNs.
Various protocols are examined to study the complexity of adaptations in a chemical ecology of a chemically mediated tritrophic interactions among plants, insects and nematodes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hu Y, Benedict MA, Ding L, Núñez G (1999) Role of cytochrome c and dATP/ATP hydrolysis in Apaf-1-mediated caspase-9 activation and apoptosis. EMBO J 18:3586–3595
Ali JG, Alborn HT, Stelinski LL (2010) Subterranean herbivore-induced volatiles released by citrus roots upon feeding by Diaprepes abbreviatus recruit entomopathogenic nematodes. J Chem Ecol 36(4):361–368
Rasmann S, Köllner TG, Degenhardt J, Hiltpold I, Toepfer S, Kuhlmann U, Turlings TC (2005) Recruitment of entomopathogenic nematodes by insect-damaged maize roots. Nature 434(7034):732–737
Gulcu B, Hazir S, Kaya HK (2012) Scavenger deterrent factor (SDF) from symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes. J Invertebr Pathol 110(3):326–333
Lu JL, Luo W, Li XY, Yang SQ, Cao JX, Gong XG, Xiang HJ (2017) Two-dimensional node-line semimetals in a honeycomb-kagome lattice. Chin Phys Lett 34(5):057302
Turlings TC, Hiltpold I, Rasmann S (2012) The importance of root-produced volatiles as foraging cues for entomopathogenic nematodes. Plant Soil 358(1–2):51–60
Gang SS, Hallem EA (2016) Mechanisms of host seeking by parasitic nematodes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 208(1):23–32
Hallem EA, Dillman AR, Hong AV, Zhang Y, Yano JM, SF DM, Sternberg PW (2011) A sensory code for host seeking in parasitic nematodes. Curr Biol 21(5):377–383
Gaugler R, Lebeck L, Nakagaki B, Boush GM (1980) Orientation of the entomogenous nematode Neoaplectana carpocapsae to carbon dioxide. Environ Entomol 9(5):649–652
Laznik Ž, Trdan S (2016) Attraction behaviors of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) to synthetic volatiles emitted by insect-damaged carrot roots. J Pest Sci 89(4):977–984
Robinson AF (1995) Optimal release rates for attracting MeloIDogyne incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis, and other nematodes to carbon dioxIDe in sand. J Nematol 27:42–50
Ali MS, Kim GD, Seo HW, Jung EY, Kim BW, Yang HS, Joo ST (2011) Possibility of making low-fat sausages from duck meat with addition of rice flour. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 24(3):421–428
O'Halloran DM, Burnell AM (2003) An investigation of chemotaxis in the insect parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Parasitology 127(4):375
Köllner TG, Held M, Lenk C, Hiltpold I, Turlings TC, Gershenzon J, Degenhardt J (2008) A maize (E)-β-caryophyllene synthase implicated in indirect defense responses against herbivores is not expressed in most American maize varieties. Plant Cell 20(2):482–494
Helms AM, Ray S, Matulis NL, Kuzemchak MC, Grisales W, Tooker JF, Ali JG (2019) Chemical cues linked to risk: cues from below-ground natural enemies enhance plant defences and influence herbivore behaviour and performance. Funct Ecol 33(5):798–808
Dillman AR, Sternberg PW (2012) Entomopathogenic nematodes. Curr Biol 22(11):R430–R431
Campbell JF, Kaya HK (1999) How and why a parasitic nematode jumps. Nature 397(6719):485–486
Laznik Z, Trdan S (2013) An investigation on the chemotactic responses of different entomopathogenic nematode strains to mechanically damaged maize root volatile compounds. Exp Parasitol 134(3):349–355
Ward S (1973) Chemotaxis by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: identification of attractants and analysis of the response by use of mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 70:817–821
Bargmann CI, Horvitz HR (1991) Chemosensory neurons with overlapping functions direct chemotaxis to multiple chemicals in C. elegans. Neuron 7(5):729–742
Baiocchi T, Lee G, Choe DH, Dillman AR (2017) Host seeking parasitic nematodes use specific odors to assess host resources. Sci Rep 7(1):1–13
Dillman AR, Chaston JM, Adams BJ, Ciche TA, Goodrich-Blair H, Stock SP, Sternberg PW (2012) An entomopathogenic nematode by any other name. PLoS Pathog 8(3):e1002527
Baiocchi T, Dillman AR (2015) Chemotaxis and jumping assays in nematodes. Bio-protocol 5:e1587
Stilwell RL, Samaniego AC, Atkinson B (2017) U.S. Patent No. 9,801,975. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Sivaramakrishnan, S., Razia, M. (2021). Chemical Ecology. In: Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Symbiotic Bacteria. Springer Protocols Handbooks. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1445-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1445-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1444-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1445-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols