Skip to main content

Measuring Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols

Part of the book series: Springer Protocols Handbooks ((SPH))

Abstract

Hydrocarbons play a significant role in the chemistry of the troposphere. They are not only emitted into the atmosphere from a wide variety of natural and anthropogenic sources but they may also be formed via atmospheric transformations. This chapter focuses on volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The collection and measurement of VOCs has been the subject of countless studies. Measurements of VOCs in the atmosphere have generally been made with gas chromatographic analyses of air samples collected in canisters, on adsorbents or in cryostats. The sample-collection step plays a crucial role in the analytical process, as it determines the representativeness of the sample. Canisters are most useful for very volatile, nonpolar compounds while sorbent tubes are more applicable for less volatile analytes. Their wide use in air monitoring has resulted in the development of a number of protocols for the analysis of a broad range of VOCs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Baltrenas P, Baltrenaite E, Sereviciene V, Pereira P (2011) Atmospheric BTEX concentrations in the vicinity of the crude oil refinery of the Baltic region. Environ Monit Assess 182(1–4):115–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wei W, Cheng S, Li G, Wang G, Wang H (2014) Characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from a petroleum refinery in Beijing, China. Atmos Environ 89:358–366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Civan MY, Elbir T, Seyfioglu R, Kuntasal OO, Bayram A, Dogan G, Yurdakul S, Andic O, Muezzinoglu A, Sofuoglu SC, Pekey H, Pekey B, Bozlaker A, Odabasi M, Tuncel G (2015) Spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric VOCs, NO2, SO2, and O3 concentrations at a heavily industrialized region in Western Turkey, and assessment of the carcinogenic risk levels of benzene. Atmos Environ 103:102–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Chen M-H, Yuan C-S, Wang L-C (2015) A feasible approach to quantify fugitive VOCs from petrochemical processes by integrating open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometry measurements and industrial source complex (ISC) dispersion model. Aerosol Air Qual Res 15(3):1110–1117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. US-EPA (2011) Oil and natural gas sector: standards of performance for crude oil and natural gas production, transmission, and distribution. Background technical support document for proposed standards. US EPA, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  6. Environment Agency (2011) Monitoring Ambient Air, Technical Guidance Note M8. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/m8-monitoring-ambient-air. Accessed 1 April 2015

  7. Rappenglueck B, Apel E, Bauerfeind M, Bottenheim J, Brickell P, Cavolka P, Cech J, Gatti L, Hakola H, Honzak J, Junek R, Martin D, Noone C, Plass-Duelmer C, Travers D, Wang D (2006) The first VOC intercomparison exercise within the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW). Atmos Environ 40(39):7508–7527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hoerger CC, Claude A, Plass-Duelmer C, Reimann S, Eckart E, Steinbrecher R, Aalto J, Arduini J, Bonnaire N, Cape JN, Colomb A, Connolly R, Diskova J, Dumitrean P, Ehlers C, Gros V, Hakola H, Hill M, Hopkins JR, Jaeger J, Junek R, Kajos MK, Klemp D, Leuchner M, Lewis AC, Locoge N, Maione M, Martin D, Michl K, Nemitz E, O'doherty S, Ballesta PP, Ruuskanen TM, Sauvage S, Schmidbauer N, Spain TG, Straube E, Vana M, Vollmer MK, Wegener R, Wenger A (2015) ACTRIS non-methane hydrocarbon intercomparison experiment in Europe to support WMO GAW and EMEP observation networks. Atmos Meas Tech 8(7):2715–2736

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Noziere B, Kaberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgic I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahno A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A (2015) The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 115(10):3919–3983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Salthammer T (2016) Very volatile organic compounds: an understudied class of indoor air pollutants. Indoor Air 26(1):25–38

    Google Scholar 

  11. Menezes HC, Amorim LCA, Cardeal ZL (2013) Sampling and analytical methods for determining VOC in air by biomonitoring human exposure. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 43(1):1–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Formenton G, Bassetto A, De Lorenzo R (2013) Determination of volatile organic compounds in air by GC/MS: Italian proficiency tests. J AOAC Int 96(1):178–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ballesteros-Gomez A, Rubio S (2011) Recent advances in environmental analysis. Anal Chem 83(12):4579–4613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Krol S, Zabiegala B, Namiesnik J (2010) Monitoring VOCs in atmospheric air II. Sample collection and preparation. TrAC-Trends Anal Chem 29(9):1101–1112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Blake RS, Monks PS, Ellis AM (2009) Proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Chem Rev 109(3):861–896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. De Gouw J, Warneke C (2007) Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Earth’s atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev 26(2):223–257

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hewitt CN, Hayward S, Tani A (2003) The application of proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) to the monitoring and analysis of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. J Environ Monit 5(1):1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hoyt D, Raun LH (2015) Measured and estimated benzene and volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions at a major US refinery/chemical plant: comparison and prioritization. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 65(8):1020–1031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. McKain K, Down, A, Raciti SM, Budney JW, Hutyra LR, Floerchinger C, Herndon SC, Nehrkorn T, Zahniser MS, Jackson RB, Phillips N, Wofsy SC (2015) CMS: atmospheric methane concentrations and prior emissions, Boston, MA, 2012–2014. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/Ornldaac/1291

  20. WMO (2009) WMO GAW Report No. 185. Guidelines for the measurement of methane and nitrous oxide and their quality assurance. Available from: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/documents/WMO_TD_1478_GAW185_web.pdf. Accessed 4 Dec 2015

  21. McAlary T, Groenevelt H, Disher S, Arnold J, Seethapathy S, Sacco P, Crump D, Schumacher B, Hayes H, Johnson P, Gorecki T (2015) Passive sampling for volatile organic compounds in indoor air-controlled laboratory comparison of four sampler types. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17(5):896–905

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kumar A, Víden I (2012) Evaluation of stability of volatile organic compounds in SUMMA canisters at different humidity levels. Res Environ Life Sci 5(1):17–24

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lee JH, Batterman SA, Jia C, Chernyak S (2006) Ozone artifacts and carbonyl measurements using Tenex GR, Tenex TA, Carboparck B, and Carbopack X adsorbents. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 56(11):1503–1517

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Woolfenden E (2010) Sorbent-based sampling methods for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air. Part 1. Sorbent-based air monitoring options. J Chromatogr A 1217(16):2674–2684

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Woolfenden E (2010) Sorbent-based sampling methods for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air. Part 2. Sorbent selection and other aspects of optimizing air monitoring methods. J Chromatogr A 1217(16):2685–2694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. USEPA (2015) Method 325A – volatile organic compounds from fugitive and area sources: sampler deployment and VOC sample collection. Available from: http://www3.epa.gov/ttnemc01/promgate/m-325a.pdf. Accessed 4 Dec 2015

  27. US-EPA (2015) Method 325B – volatile organic compounds from fugitive and area sources: sampler preparation and analysis. Available from: http://www3.epa.gov/ttnemc01/promgate/m-325b.pdf. Accessed 4 Dec 2015

  28. US-EPA (1999) Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air, 2nd edition, determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air collected in specially-prepared canisters and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), method TO-15. EPA/625/R-96/010b

    Google Scholar 

  29. US-EPA (2009) Technical assistance document for the national air toxics trends stations program. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/airtox/nattsTADRevision2_508Compliant.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2015

  30. US-EPA (1999) Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air: Method TO-14A, Second Edition. EPA 600/625/R-96/010b

    Google Scholar 

  31. US-EPA (1999) Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, 2nd edition, Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using Active Sampling Onto Sorbent Tubes, Method TO-17. EPA/625/R-96/010b

    Google Scholar 

  32. ASTM D6196-03 (2009) Standard practice for selection of sorbents, sampling, and thermal desorption analysis procedures for volatile organic compounds in air. Available from: http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6196.htm. Accessed 1 Apr 2015

  33. NIOSH 2549 (2003) Volatile organic compounds - screening using multi-bed sorbent tubes, thermal desorption, gas chromatography & mass spectrometry. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/2549.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2015

  34. ISO 16000-6 (2011) Indoor air – Part 6: determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MSD/FID. Beuth Verlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  35. ISO 16017-2 (2003) Indoor, ambient and workplace air – sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by sorbent tube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatography – Part 2: diffusive sampling. Beuth Verlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  36. GAW (2007) A WMO/GAW expert workshop on global long-term measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). WMO/TD - No. 1373

    Google Scholar 

  37. GAW (2012) Standard operating procedures (SOPs) for air sampling in stainless steel canisters for non-methane hydrocarbon analysis. GAW Report No (204)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Plass-Dulmer C, Schmidbauer N, Slemr J, Slemr F, D'souza H (2006) European hydrocarbon intercomparison experiment AMOHA part 4: canister sampling of ambient air. J Geophys Res Atmos 111(D4) D04306

    Google Scholar 

  39. Rosa Ras M, Borrull F, Maria Marce R (2009) Sampling and preconcentration techniques for determination of volatile organic compounds in air samples. TrAC-Trends Anal Chem 28(3):347–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Leuchner M, Rappenglueck B (2010) VOC source-receptor relationships in Houston during TexAQS-II. Atmos Environ 44(33):4056–4067

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wong GKS, Ng SJ, Webster RD (2013) Quantitative analysis of atmospheric volatile organic pollutants by thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Methods 5(1):219–230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Graus M, Mueller M, Hansel A (2010) High resolution PTR-TOF: quantification and formula confirmation of VOC in real time. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 21(6):1037–1044

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Brilli F, Gioli B, Ciccioli P, Zona D, Loreto F, Janssens IA, Ceulemans R (2014) Proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometric (PTR-TOF-MS) determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from a biomass fire developed under stable nocturnal conditions. Atmos Environ 97:54–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ian Colbeck .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Colbeck, I. (2016). Measuring Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere. In: McGenity, T., Timmis, K., Nogales, B. (eds) Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols. Springer Protocols Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/8623_2016_199

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/8623_2016_199

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-52791-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-52793-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics