Abstract
Two fundamental aspects for precisely predicting the risk of developing type 1 diabetes by islet autoantibodies are assay sensitivity and disease specificity. We have recently developed electrochemiluminescent (ECL) insulin autoantibody (IAA) and GAD65 autoantibody (GADA) assays. ECL assays are sensitive, able to identify the initiation of islet autoimmunity earlier in life among high-risk young children before clinical onset of diabetes and are more disease specific because they are able to discriminate high-affinity, high-risk diabetes specific islet autoantibodies from low-affinity, low-risk autoantibodies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O et al (2013) Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. JAMA 309:2473–2479
Orban T, Sosenko JM, Cuthbertson D et al (2009) Diabetes Prevention Trial-1 Study Group. Pancreatic islet autoantibodies as predictors of type 1 diabetes in the diabetes prevention trial-type 1 (DPT-1. Diabetes Care 32:2269–2274
Yu L, Miao D, Scrimgeour L, Johnson K, Rewers M, Eisenbarth GS (2012) Distinguishing persistent insulin autoantibodies with differential risk: non-radioactive bivalent proinsulin/insulin autoantibody assay. Diabetes 61:179–186
Miao D, Guyer KM, Dong F, Jiang L, Steck AK, Rewers M, Eisenbarth GS, Yu L (2013) GAD65 autoantibodies detected by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay identify high risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 62:4174–8
Yu L, Dong F, Fuse M, Miao D, Fouts A, Hutton JC, Steck AK (2013) Proinsulin/Insulin Autoantibodies Measured with Electrochemiluminescent Assay Are the Earliest Indicator of Prediabetic Islet Autoimmunity. Diabetes Care 36:2266–2270
Rojas M, Hulbert C, Thomas JW (2001) Anergy and not clonal ignorance determines the fate of B cells that recognize a physiological autoantigen. J Immunol 166:3194–3200
Babaya N, Liu E, Miao D, Li M, Yu L, Eisenbarth GS (2009) Murine high specificity/sensitivity competitive europium insulin autoantibody assay. Diabetes Technol Ther 11:227–233
Castano L, Ziegler AG, Ziegler R, Shoelson S, Eisenbarth GS (1993) Characterization of insulin autoantibodies in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 42:1202–1209
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by NIH grant DK32083, Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young Grant DK32493, the Immune Tolerance Network AI15416, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Grant 11-2005-15, DERC Clinical Core DK57516. We thank Dr. Tom Thomas of Vanderbilt for the gift of an insulin monoclonal antibody. We thank Eli Lilly Company for supplying proinsulin and thank MSD Company for helpful discussions during assay development.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Yu, L. (2015). Islet Autoantibody Detection by Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Assay. In: Gillespie, K. (eds) Type-1 Diabetes. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1433. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/7651_2015_296
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7651_2015_296
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3641-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3643-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols