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Islet Autoantibody Analysis: Radioimmunoassays

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Type-1 Diabetes

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1433))

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic inflammatory disease, caused by the immune mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the islets of the pancreas (Ziegler and Nepom, Immunity 32(4):468–478, 2010). Semiquantitative assays with high specificity and sensitivity for T1D are now available to detect antibodies to the four major islet autoantigens: glutamate decarboxylase (GADA) (Baekkeskov et al., Nature 347(6289):151–156, 1990), the protein tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins IA-2 (IA-2A) and IA-2β (Notkins et al., Diabetes Metab Rev 14(1):85–93, 1998), zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) (Wenzlau et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(43):17040–17045, 2007), and insulin (IAA) (Palmer, Diabetes Metab Rev 3(4):1005–1015, 1987). More than 85 % of cases of newly diagnosed or future T1D can be identified by testing for antibodies to GADA and/or IA-2A/IAA, with 98 % specificity (Bingley et al., Diabet Care 24(2):398, 2001). Overall, radioimmunoassay (RIA) is considered the de facto gold standard format for the measurement of T1D autoantibodies (Bottazzo et al., Lancet 2(7892):1279–1283, 1974; Schlosser et al., Diabetologia 53(12):2611–2620, 2010). Here we describe current methods for autoantibody measurement using RIA. These fluid phase assays use radiolabeled ligands and immunoprecipitation to quantify autoantibodies to GAD, IA-2, ZnT8, and insulin (Bonifacio et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(7):3360–3367, 2010; Long et al., Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(2):632–637, 2012; Williams et al., J Autoimmun 10(5):473–478, 1997).

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  1. Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Rebecca Wyatt & Alistair J. K. Williams

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  1. Rebecca Wyatt
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Correspondence to Alistair J. K. Williams .

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  1. Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

    Kathleen M. Gillespie

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Wyatt, R., Williams, A.J.K. (2015). Islet Autoantibody Analysis: Radioimmunoassays. In: Gillespie, K. (eds) Type-1 Diabetes. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1433. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/7651_2015_292

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7651_2015_292

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3641-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3643-4

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