Abstract
Animal behavioral tests are useful tools for modeling complex human brain disorders. The Suok test (ST) is a relatively new behavioral paradigm that simultaneously examines anxiety and neurological/vestibular phenotypes in rodents. The novelty and instability of the ST apparatus induces anxiety-related behavior in mice, whereas the elevation of the horizontal rod allows for the assessment of motor and neurological phenotypes. This chapter discusses the utility of the ST in detecting mouse anxiety, habituation, exploration, motorisensory deficits, and the interplay between these domains. With a growing number of laboratories using this model, a detailed protocol for the ST behavioral analysis (with a focus on video-tracking tools and novel applications) is also provided.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gold, R., C. Linington, and H. Lassmann, Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research. Brain, 2006. 129(Pt 8): p. 1953–71.
Avni, R., et al., Mice with vestibular deficiency display hyperactivity, disorientation, and signs of anxiety. Behav Brain Res, 2009. 202(2): p. 210–7.
Kalueff, A.V., A. Minasyan, and P. Tuohimaa, Behavioural characterization in rats using the elevated alley Suok test. Behav Brain Res, 2005. 165(1): p. 52–7.
McKinney, W.T., Overview of the past contributions of animal models and their changing place in psychiatry. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry, 2001. 6(1): p. 68–78.
Kalueff, A.V., et al., The regular and light-dark Suok tests of anxiety and sensorimotor integration: utility for behavioral characterization in laboratory rodents. Nat Protoc, 2008. 3(1): p. 129–36.
Kalueff, A.V., M. Wheaton, and D.L. Murphy, What’s wrong with my mouse model? Advances and strategies in animal modeling of anxiety and depression. Behav Brain Res, 2007. 179(1): p. 1–18.
Lang, P.J., M. Davis, and A. Ohman, Fear and anxiety: animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. J Affect Disord, 2000. 61(3): p. 137–59.
van den Buuse, M., et al., Importance of animal models in schizophrenia research. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2005. 39(7): p. 550–7.
Belzung, C. and G. Griebel, Measuring normal and pathological anxiety-like behaviour in mice: a review. Behav Brain Res, 2001. 125(1-2): p. 141–9.
Lang, P.J., M.M. Bradley, and B.N. Cuthbert, Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biol Psychiatry, 1998. 44(12): p. 1248–63.
Rodgers, R.J., et al., Animal models of anxiety: an ethological perspective. Braz J Med Biol Res, 1997. 30(3): p. 289–304.
Blanchard, R.J., et al., The characterization and modelling of antipredator defensive behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 1990. 14(4): p. 463–72.
Blanchard, D.C., et al., Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2001. 25(7–8): p. 761–770.
Filatova, E.V., et al., Influence of individual features on the formation of ethanol preference in Wistar male rats. Academic Reports of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010. 430: p. 562–564.
Kalueff, A.V., A. Minasyan, and P. Tuohimaa, Behavioural characterization in rats using the elevated alley Suok test. Behav Brain Res, 2005. 165(1): p. 52–57.
Venault, P., et al., Balance control and posture in anxious mice improved by SSRI treatment. Neuroreport, 2001. 12(14): p. 3091–4.
Kalueff, A.V., K. Ishikawa, and A.J. Griffith, Anxiety and otovestibular disorders: linking behavioral phenotypes in men and mice. Behav Brain Res, 2008. 186(1): p. 1–11.
Zheng, Y., et al., Effects of bilateral vestibular deafferentation on anxiety-related behaviours in Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res, 2008. 193(1): p. 55–62.
Asmundson, G.J., D.K. Larsen, and M.B. Stein, Panic disorder and vestibular disturbance: an overview of empirical findings and clinical implications. J Psychosom Res, 1998. 44(1): p. 107–20.
Balaban, C.D. and J.F. Thayer, Neurological bases for balance-anxiety links. J Anxiety Disord, 2001. 15(1-2): p. 53–79.
Emmelkamp, P.M. and M. Felten, The process of exposure in vivo: cognitive and physiological changes during treatment of acrophobia. Behav Res Ther, 1985. 23(2): p. 219–23.
Lorivel, T. and P. Hilber, Motor effects of delta 9 THC in cerebellar Lurcher mutant mice. Behav Brain Res, 2007. 181(2): p. 248–53.
Rothbaum, B.O., et al., Virtual reality graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia: A case report. Behavior Therapy, 1995. 26(3): p. 547–554.
Menzies, R.G. and J.C. Clarke, The etiology of acrophobia and its relationship to severity and individual response patterns. Behav Res Ther, 1995. 33(7): p. 795–803.
Davey, G.C., R. Menzies, and B. Gallardo, Height phobia and biases in the interpretation of bodily sensations: some links between acrophobia and agoraphobia. Behav Res Ther, 1997. 35(11): p. 997–1001.
Yardley, L., et al., Effects of anxiety arousal and mental stress on the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Acta Otolaryngol, 1995. 115(5): p. 597–602.
Wada, M., N. Sunaga, and M. Nagai, Anxiety affects the postural sway of the antero-posterior axis in college students. Neurosci Lett, 2001. 302(2-3): p. 157–9.
Bolmont, B., et al., Mood states and anxiety influence abilities to maintain balance control in healthy human subjects. Neurosci Lett, 2002. 329(1): p. 96–100.
Viaud-Delmon, I., A. Berthoz, and R. Jouvent, Multisensory integration for spatial orientation in trait anxiety subjects: absence of visual dependence. Eur Psychiatry, 2002. 17(4): p. 194–9.
Erez, O., et al., Balance dysfunction in childhood anxiety: findings and theoretical approach. J Anxiety Disord, 2004. 18(3): p. 341–56.
Nagaratnam, N., J. Ip, and P. Bou-Haidar, The vestibular dysfunction and anxiety disorder interface: a descriptive study with special reference to the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2005. 40(3): p. 253–64.
Kalueff, A.V., et al., Pharmacological modulation of anxiety-related behaviors in the murine Suok test. Brain Res Bull, 2007. 74(1–3): p. 45–50.
Kalueff, A.V. and P. Tuohimaa, The Suok (“ropewalking”) murine test of anxiety. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc, 2005. 14(2): p. 87–99.
Kalueff, A.V., et al. The developing utility of the suok test in anxiety pharmacology and behavioral research. in 10-th Jubilee Multidisciplinary International Conference of Biological Psychiatry “Stress and Behavior”. 2007. St-Petersburg, Russia.
Rodgers, R.J. and N.T. Johnson, Factor analysis of spatiotemporal and ethological measures in the murine elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1995. 52(2): p. 297–303.
Cummings, B.J., et al., Adaptation of a ladder beam walking task to assess locomotor recovery in mice following spinal cord injury. Behav Brain Res, 2007. 177(2): p. 232–41.
Dluzen, D.E., et al., Evaluation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in adult +/+ and +/− BDNF mutant mice. Exp Neurol, 2001. 170(1): p. 121–8.
Furman, J.M. and R.G. Jacob, A clinical taxonomy of dizziness and anxiety in the otoneurological setting. J Anxiety Disord, 2001. 15(1-2): p. 9–26.
Tubaltseva, I., et al. The effects of quercetin on behavioral parameters of stressed rats in the suok-test. in 10-th Jubilee Multidisciplinary International Conference of Biological Psychiatry. 2007. St-Petersburg, Russia.
Filatovaa, E.V., et al., The influence of social conditions on the development of ethanol preference in rats. Dokl Biol Sci, 2010. 430: p. 23–5.
Roman, E. and L. Arborelius, Male but not female Wistar rats show increased anxiety-like behaviour in response to bright light in the defensive withdrawal test. Behav Brain Res, 2009. 202(2): p. 303–7.
Hogg, S., A review of the validity and variability of the elevated plus-maze as an animal model of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1996. 54(1): p. 21–30.
Quinn, L.P., et al., A beam-walking apparatus to assess behavioural impairments in MPTP-treated mice: pharmacological validation with R-(−)-deprenyl. J Neurosci Methods, 2007. 164(1): p. 43–9.
Chapillon, P. and P. Roullet, Habituation and memorization of spatial objects’ configurations in mice from weaning to adulthood. Behavioural Processes, 1997. 39(3): p. 249–256.
Salomons, A.R., et al., Behavioural habituation to novelty and brain area specific immediate early gene expression in female mice of two inbred strains. Behav Brain Res, 2010. 215(1): p. 95–101.
Leussis, M.P. and V.J. Bolivar, Habituation in rodents: a review of behavior, neurobiology, and genetics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2006. 30(7): p. 1045–64.
Mogg, K., et al., Effect of short-term SSRI treatment on cognitive bias in generalised anxiety disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2004. 176(3-4): p. 466–70.
Bolivar, V. and L. Flaherty, A region on chromosome 15 controls intersession habituation in mice. J Neurosci, 2003. 23(28): p. 9435–8.
Boulenger, J.P., et al., Baseline anxiety effect on outcome of SSRI treatment in patients with severe depression: escitalopram vs paroxetine. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010. 26(3): p. 605–14.
Szabo, S.T., C. de Montigny, and P. Blier, Progressive attenuation of the firing activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons by sustained administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 2000. 3(1): p. 1–11.
Griebel, G., et al., The free-exploratory paradigm: an effective method for measuring neophobic behaviour in mice and testing potential neophobia-reducing drugs. Behav Pharmacol, 1993. 4(6): p. 637–644.
Eilam, D. and I. Golani, Home base behavior in amphetamine-treated tame wild rats (Rattus norvegicus). Behav Brain Res, 1990. 36(1-2): p. 161–70.
Eilam, D. and I. Golani, Home base behavior of rats (Rattus norvegicus) exploring a novel environment. Behav Brain Res, 1989. 34(3): p. 199–211.
Mintz, M., et al., Sharing of the home base: a social test in rats. Behav Pharmacol, 2005. 16(4): p. 227–36.
Wallace, D.G., M.M. Martin, and S.S. Winter, Fractionating dead reckoning: role of the compass, odometer, logbook, and home base establishment in spatial orientation. Naturwissenschaften, 2008. 95(11): p. 1011–26.
Stewart, A., et al., Phenotyping of Zebrafish Homebase Behaviors in Novelty-Based Tests, in Zebrafish Neurobehavioral Protocols, A. Kalueff and J. Cachar, Editors. 2010: Humana Press, New York.
Voigt, J.P. and E. Morgenstern, Pentylenetetrazole kindling impairs learning in mice. Biomed Biochim Acta, 1990. 49(1): p. 143–5.
Angelucci, M.E., et al., The effect of caffeine in animal models of learning and memory. Eur J Pharmacol, 1999. 373(2-3): p. 135–40.
Grecksch, G., A. Becker, and C. Rauca, Effect of age on pentylenetetrazol-kindling and kindling-induced impairments of learning performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1997. 56(4): p. 595–601.
Acknowledgment
The study was supported by Tulane University Intramural funds, Provost’s Scholarly Enrichment Fund, Newcomb Fellows Grant, and NARSAD YI Award. This chapter is dedicated to the memory of Eli Utterback.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Dow, E. et al. (2011). Modeling Mouse Anxiety and Sensorimotor Integration: Neurobehavioral Phenotypes in the Suok Test. In: Gould, T. (eds) Mood and Anxiety Related Phenotypes in Mice. Neuromethods, vol 63. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-313-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-313-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-312-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-313-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols