Abstract
Real-time PCR is a powerful technique used for quantification of defined nucleic acid sequences. Numerous applications of this method have been described including: gene expression studies, diagnosis of pathogens, and detection of genetically modified organisms or mutations. Here, we describe a simple and efficient protocol to determine gene expression in cereals, based on real-time PCR using SYBR® Green dye. This technique provide an inexpensive alternative, since no probes are required, allowing for the quantification of a high number of genes with reduced cost.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Heid CA, Stevens J, Livak KJ et al (1996) Real time quantitative PCR. Genome Res 6:986–994
Galli V, da Silva Messias R, dos Anjos e Silva SD et al (2013) Selection of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction studies in maize grains. Plant Cell Rep 32:1869–1877
Barbau-Piednoir E, Lievens A, Vandermassen E et al (2012) Four new SYBR®Green qPCR screening methods for the detection of Roundup Ready®, LibertyLink®, and CryIAb traits in genetically modified products. Eur Food Res Technol 234:13–23
Yi C, Hong Y (2019) Estimating the copy number of transgenes in transformed cotton by real-time quantitative PCR. Methods Mol Biol 1902:137–157
Malvick DK (2007) Impullitti AE (2007) detection and quantification of Phialophora gregata in soybean and soil samples with a quantitative, real-time PCR assay. Plant Dis 91:736–742
Lin F, Jiang L, Liu Y et al (2014) Genome-wide identification of housekeeping genes in maize. Plant Mol Biol 86:543–554
Davidson RM, Hansey CN, Gowda M et al (2011) Utility of RNA sequencing for analysis of maize reproductive transcriptomes. Plant Genome 4:191–203
Gause WC, Adamovicz J (1994) The use of the PCR to quantitate gene expression. PCR Methods Appl 3:S123–S135
Higuchi R, Fockler C, Dollinger G et al (1993) Kinetic PCR analysis: real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Nat Biotechnol 11:1026–1030
Page AF, Minocha SC (2005) Analysis of gene expression in transgenic plants. Methods Mol Biol 286:291–312
Foy CA, Parkes HC (2001) Emerging homogeneous DNA-based technologies in the clinical laboratory. Clin Chem 47:990–1000
Livak KJ, Flood SJA, Marmaro J et al (1995) Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ends provide a quenched probe system useful for detecting PCR product and nucleic acid hybridization. PCR Methods Appl 4:357–362
Bustin SA (2002) Quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR): trends and problems. J Mol Endocrinol 29:23–39
Holland PM, Abramson RD, Watson R et al (1991) Detection of specific polymerase chain reaction product by utilizing the 5′-∗ 3′ exonuclease activity of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase (ofigonucleotide probe/human immunodeficiency virus). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:7276–7280
Tyagi S, Kramer FR (1996) Molecular beacons: probes that fluoresce upon hybridization. Nat Biotechnol 14:303–308
Whitcombe D, Theaker J, Guy SP et al (1999) Detection of PCR products using self-probing amplicons and fluorescence. Nat Biotechnol 7:804–807
Thelwell N, Millington S, Solinas A et al (2000) Mode of action and application of scorpion primers to mutation detection. Nucleic Acids Res 28:3752–3761
Zipper H, Brunner H, Bernhagen J et al (2004) Investigations on DNA intercalation and surface binding by SYBR Green I, its structure determination and methodological implications. Nucleic Acids Res 32:e103
Tajadini M, Panjehpour M, Javanmard S (2014) Comparison of SYBR Green and TaqMan methods in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of four adenosine receptor subtypes. Adv Biomed Res 3:85
Sambrook J, Russel DW (2001) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
Pfaffl MW (2004) Quantification strategies in real-time PCR. In: Bustin SA (ed) A–Z of quantitative PCR. International University Line, La Jolla, CA, pp 87–112
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT method. Methods 25:402–408
Murphy SP, Simmons CR, Bass HW (2010) Structure and expression of the maize (Zea mays L.) SUN-domain protein gene family: evidence for the existence of two divergent classes of SUN proteins in plants. BMC Plant Biol 10:269
Libault M, Thibivilliers S, Bilgin DD et al (2008) Identification of four soybean reference genes for gene expression normalization. Plant Genome 1:44–54
Li Z, Hansen JL, Liu Y et al (2004) Using real-time PCR to determine transgene copy number in wheat. Plant Mol Biol Rep 22:179
Pfaffl M (2006) Relative quantification. In: Dorak T (ed) Real-time PCR, Quantification strategies in real-time PCR. International University Line, La Jolla, CA, pp 63–82
Li Z, Trick HN (2005) Rapid method for high-quality RNA isolation from seed endosperm containing high levels of starch. BioTechniques 38:872. 874, 876
Mygind T, Birkelund S, Birkebaek NH et al (2002) Determination of PCR efficiency in chelex-100 purified clinical samples and comparison of real-time quantitative PCR and conventional PCR for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae. BMC Microbiol 2:17
Schmittgen TD, Jiang J, Liu Q et al (2004) A high-throughput method to monitor the expression of microRNA precursors. Nucleic Acids Res 32:e43
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Gómez, R.L., Sendín, L.N. (2020). Relative Expression Analysis of Target Genes by Using Reverse Transcription-Quantitative PCR. In: Vaschetto, L. (eds) Cereal Genomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2072. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9865-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9865-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9864-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9865-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols