Abstract
Successful detection of avian influenza (AI) virus, viral antigen, nucleic acid, or antibody is dependent upon the collection of the appropriate sample type, the quality of the sample, and the proper storage and handling of the sample. The diagnostic tests to be performed should be considered prior to sample collection. Sera are acceptable samples for ELISA or agar gel immunodiffusion tests, but not for real-time RT-PCR. Likewise, swabs and/or tissues are acceptable for real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation. The sample type will also depend on the type of birds that are being tested; oropharyngeal swabs from gallinaceous poultry and cloacal swabs from waterfowl are the preferred specimens for most diagnostic tests, although it is optimal to collect swabs from both locations, if possible. In addition to collecting the appropriate sample for the tests to be performed, selecting the right materials for sample collection (i.e., type of swab) is very important. This chapter will outline the collection of different specimen types and procedures for proper specimen handling.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Swayne DE, Suarez DL, Sims LD (2013) Influenza. In: Swayne D (ed) Diseases of poultry, 13th edn. Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 181–218
WHO manual on animal influenza diagnosis and surveillance (2002). World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Swayne DE, Senne D, Suarez DL (2008) Avian influenza. In: Dufour-Zavala L, Swayne DE, Glisson J et al (eds) Isolation and identification of avian pathogens, 5th edn. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Jacksonville, FL, pp 128–134
Spackman E, Pedersen JC, McKinley ET, Gelb J Jr (2013) Optimal specimen collection and transport methods for the detection of avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus. BMC Vet Res 9:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-35
Johnson FB (1990) Transport of viral specimens. Clin Microbiol Rev 3(2):120–131
Busquets N, Abad FX, Alba A, Dolz R, Allepuz A, Rivas R, Ramis A, Darji A, Majo N (2010) Persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1) in infected chickens: feather as a suitable sample for diagnosis. J Gen Virol 91(Pt 9):2307–2313. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.021592-0
Fereidouni SR, Globig A, Starick E, Harder TC (2012) Effect of swab matrix, storage time, and temperature on detection of avian influenza virus RNA in swab samples. Avian Dis 56(4 Suppl):955–958
Daum LT, Worthy SA, Yim KC, Nogueras M, Schuman RF, Choi YW, Fischer GW (2011) A clinical specimen collection and transport medium for molecular diagnostic and genomic applications. Epidemiol Infect 139(11):1764–1773. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268810002384
Keeler SP, Ferro PJ, Brown JD, Fang X, El-Attrache J, Poulson R, Jackwood MW, Stallknecht DE (2012) Use of FTA sampling cards for molecular detection of avian influenza virus in wild birds. Avian Dis 56(1):200–207
Beck JR, Swayne DE, Davison S, Casavant S, Gutierrez C (2003) Validation of egg yolk antibody testing as a method to determine influenza status in white leghorn hens. Avian Dis 47(3 Suppl):1196–1199
Murphy FA, Gibbs EPJ, Horzinek MC, Studdert MJ (1999) Veterinary virology. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam
OIE (2018) Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2018. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). http://www.oie.int/standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/. Accessed 20 Sept 2018
Avian samples collection for infleunza A and Newcastle disease (2016)
Kramer MH, Harris DJ (2010) Avian blood collection. J Exot Pet Med 19:82–86. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.01.006
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Killian, M.L. (2020). Avian Influenza Virus Sample Types, Collection, and Handling. In: Spackman, E. (eds) Animal Influenza Virus. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2123. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-0345-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-0346-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols