Abstract
This paper reports the results of two experiments. In the first, voice-key naming times were collected and in the second, keypress naming times were collected for 250 of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) pictures. The resulting naming times and correct naming rates were well predicted in multiple regression analyses by one or another measure of codability (name or concept agreement) and by age-of-acquisition ratings collected specifically for this study. Voice-key responses appeared to be somewhat more sensitive indicators of naming difficulty, although keypress responses did remarkably well. The Appendix presents the age-of-acquisition ratings, the trimmed vocal and keypress naming times, and the correct naming rates from the two experiments for the 250 pictures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Carroll, J. B., &White, M. N. (1973a). Age of acquisition norms for 220 picturable nouns.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,12, 563–576.
Carroll, J. B., &White, M. N. (1973b). Word frequency and age of acquisition as determiners of picture-naming latency.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,25, 85–95.
Cattell, J. M. (1886). The time it takes to see and name objects.Mind,11, 63–65.
Gilhooly, K. J., &Gilhooly, M. L. (1980). The validity of age of acquisition ratings.British Journal of Psychology,71, 105–110.
Goodglass, H., Theurkauf, J. C., &Wingfield, A. (1984). Naming latencies as evidence for two modes of lexical retrieval.Applied Psycholinguistics,5, 135–146.
Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J., &Quinlan, P. T. (1988). Cascade processes in picture identification.Cognitive Neuropsychology,5, 67–103.
Kendall, M. G., &Stuart, A. (1963).The advanced theory of statistics: Vol. 1. Distribution theory. New York: Hafner.
Kučera, H., &Francis, W. N. (1967).Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
Lachman, R. (1973). Uncertainty effects on time to access the internal lexicon.Journal of Experimental Psychology,99, 199–208.
Lachman, R., &Lachman, J. L. (1980). Picture naming: Retrieval and activation of long-term memory. In L. W. Poon, J. L. Fozard, L. S. Cermak, D. Arenberg, & L. W. Thompson (Eds.),New directions in memory and aging (pp. 313–343). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lachman, R., Shaffer, J. P., &Hennrikus, D. (1974). Language and cognition: Effects of stimulus codability, name-word frequency, and age of acquisition on lexical reaction time.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,13, 613–625.
Levelt, W. J. M., Schriefers, H., Vorberg, D., Meyer, A. S., Pechmann, T., &Havinga, J. (1991). The time course of lexical access in speech production: A study of picture naming.Psychological Review,98, 122–142.
Morrison, C.M., Ellis, A. W., &Quinlan, P. T. (1992). Age of acquisition, not word frequency, affects object naming, not recognition.Memory & Cognition,20, 705–714.
Oldfield, R. C., &Wingfield, A. (1964). The time it takes to name an object.Nature,202, 1031–1032.
Oldfield, R. C., &Wingfield, A. (1965). Response latencies in naming objects.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,17, 273–281.
Paivio, A., Clark, J. M., Digdon, N., &Bons, T. (1989). Referential processing: Reciprocity and correlates of naming and imaging.Memory & Cognition,17, 163–174.
Riddoch, M. J., &Humphreys, G. W. (1987). Visual object processing in optic aphasia: A case of semantic access agnosia.Cognitive Neuropsychology,4, 131–186.
Snodgrass, J. G. (1980). Toward a model for picture and word processing. In P. A. Kolers, M. E. Wrolstad, & H. Bouma (Eds.),Processing of visible language 2 (pp. 565–584). New York: Plenum.
Snodgrass, J. G. (1984). Concepts and their surface representations.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,23, 3–22.
Snodgrass, J. G., &Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory,6, 174–215.
Theios, J., &Amrhein, P. C. (1989). Theoretical analysis of the cognitive processing of lexical and pictorial stimuli: Reading, naming, and visual and conceptual comparisons.Psychological Review,96, 5–24.
Thorndike, E. L., &Lorge, I. (1944).The teacher’s word book of 30,000 words. New York: Columbia University, Teachers College Press.
Ulrich, R., &Giray, M. (1989). Time resolution of clocks: Effects on reaction time measurement—Good news for bad clocks.British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology,42, 1–12.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This research was supported by Research Grants AFOSR 89-0442 and F49620-92-J-0119 from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research to J.G.S. The authors wish to express their gratitude to Pat Shrout for his statistical advice and to thank Jason Buckles for help with Experiment 1 and Robert Hagen for help with Experiment 2. The authors are indebted to Glyn Humphreys, Stephen Lupker, and an anonymous reviewer for constructive criticisms on earlier versions of this paper.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Snodgrass, J.G., Yuditsky, T. Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 28, 516–536 (1996). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200540
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200540