Abstract
Since its humble origins in rural northern Egypt in the 1920s, the Muslim Brotherhood has achieved incommensurable successes.1 A significant, yet often overlooked, part of this history has taken place in Europe, where small, scattered groups of Brothers from Egypt and other Middle Eastern countries have been concentrating since the early 1950s.
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Notes
While many books have been written on the Muslim Brotherhood and its early activities, the most comprehensive and widely read book remains Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969).
Jocelyne Cesari, When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 143.
Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1986), pp. 62–63.
Jørgen Nielsen, Muslims in Western Europe (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), pp. vii, 8–21, 24–27, 40–44.
Xavier Ternisien, Les Frères Musulmans (Paris: Fayard, 2005), pp. 190–192.
Joel S. Fetzer and J. Christopher Soper, Muslims and the State in Britain, France and Germany (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 6–10.
Sylvain Besson, La Conquête de l’Occident (Paris: Seuil, 2005).
Yusuf al Qaradawi, Priorities of the Islamic Movement in the Coming Phase (Swansea, UK: Awakening Publications, 2000).
Gilles Kepel, Allah in the West: Islamic Movements in America and Europe (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), p. 187
See Anthony R. Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973) and
John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” The American Journal of Sociology, 82(6) (May 1977) 1212–1241.
Myra Mae Ferree, “The Political Context of Rationality: Rational Choice Theory and Resource Mobilization,” in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller (eds.), Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992).
Olivier Roy, The Failure of Political Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 110–113.
See, for example, John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) and
Raymond William Baker, Islam without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003).
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© 2010 Barry Rubin
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Vidino, L. (2010). The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe. In: Rubin, B. (eds) The Muslim Brotherhood. The Middle East in Focus. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230106871_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230106871_8
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-0-230-10071-8
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