Abstract
The Great War created a new social group throughout Europe: ex-servicemen. Mass conscription and total warfare led to a vast number of combatants returning from the various battlefields. Unlike previous wars and times — and in what turned out to be a long-term legacy of the First World War — veterans emerged as a distinct group, defined by a construction of war commemoration and identity, as well as by their legal demands and rights.
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Notes
Zara Steiner, The Lights That Failed: European International History 1919–1933 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
See, e.g., Robert Gerwarth (ed.), Twisted Paths. Europe 1914–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
Antoine Prost and Jay Winter, René Cassin and Human Rights: From the Great War to the Universal Declaration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
Jay Winter, ‘Veterans, Human rights, and the Transformation of European Democracy’, in Elizabeth Kier and Ronald R. Krebs (eds.), In War’s Wake: Inter national Conflict and the Fate of Liberal Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 121–138.
Ute Frevert, ‘Europeanizing German History’, Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 36 (2005), pp. 9–31, esp. pp. 13–15.
Niall Barr, The Lion and the Poppy. British Veterans, Politics, and Society, 1921– 1939 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005);
Antoine Prost, Les anciens combattants et la société française, 1914–1939 (3 Vols.) (Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1977); John Paul Newman, Embattled Kingdom. South Slav Veterans in Yugoslavia, 1918–1945 (forthcoming)
Julia Eichenberg, Kämpfen für Frieden und Fürsorge. Polnische Veteranen des Ersten Weltkriegs und ihre internationalen Kontakte, 1918–1939 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2011).
Patricia Clavin, ‘Defining Transnationalism’, in Contemporary European History 14/4 (2005), pp. 421–439.
Kiran Klaus Patel, ‘Überlegungen zu einer transnationalen Geschichte’, in Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 52/7 (2004), pp. 626–645.
For principal aims, see CIAMAC, Annual Assembly, September 9th to 12th, 1937. Report 3 ‘Pensions, Medical Care’, General Marco Nikiforov (Bulgarien), ‘Die Entwicklung der Renten für Kriegopfer im Jahre 1936–37’, pp. 91–140, citation on p. 91. For material and moral interests, see Julia Eichenberg, ‘Suspicious Pacifists’, in Michael S. Neiberg and Jennifer D. Keene (eds.), Finding Common Ground. New Directions in First World War Studies (Leiden: Brill, 2011), pp. 113–138.
Robert D. Benford and Frank O. Taylor, ‘Peace Movements’, in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, Conflict (vol. 2) (London: Academic Press, 1999), pp. 771– 786, particularly p. 773.
Wolfram Wette, ‘Einleitung: Probleme des Pazifismus in der Zwischenkriegszeit’, in Karl Holl and Wolfram Wette, Pazifismus in der Weimarer Republik: Beiträge zur historischen Friedensforschung (Paderborn: Schöningh, 1981), pp. 9–25, particularly pp. 13 and 15.
John Horne (ed.), ‘Demobilisations culturelles après la Grande Guerre’, in Dossier de la revue 14–18 Aujourd’hui, no. 5 (2002), pp. 43–53.
Leon Viala, Les relations internationales entre les associations des mutilés de guerre et d’anciens combattantes (Paris: Cahiers de l’Union Fé dé rale des Associations françaises des victimes de la guerre et anciens combattants, 1930). p. 18; SdN, R. 1595 General 1919–1927; Registry 40 / 17591 / 17591: Pension de Guerre letter dated November 21st. 1921.
George Mosse, Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the Two World Wars (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990);
Emilio Gentile, The Origins of Fascist Ideology, 1918–1925 (New York: Enigma, 2005).
Antoine Prost and Jay Winter, The Great Warin History: Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
On ‘cultures of defeat’ see Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat: on National Trauma, Mourning and Recovery (London: Granta, 2004);
John Horne, ‘Defeat and Memory in Modern History’, in Jenny Macleod (ed.), Defeat and Memory. Cultural Histories of Military Defeat in the Modern Era (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 11–29.
John Horne, ‘The European Moment Between the Two World Wars (1924– 1933)’, in Madelon de Keizer and Sophie Tates (eds.), Moderniteit. Modernisme en massacultuur in Nederland 1914–1940 (Vijftiende jaarboek van het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, Zutphen: Walburg Pers, cop., 2004), pp. 223–240.
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© 2013 Julia Eichenberg and John Paul Newman
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Eichenberg, J., Newman, J.P. (2013). Introduction: The Great War and Veterans’ Internationalism. In: Eichenberg, J., Newman, J.P. (eds) The Great War and Veterans’ Internationalism. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137281623_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137281623_1
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