The Politics of Security and Secularism in Turkey: From the Early Republican Era to EU Accession Negotiations

Abstract

Policy discourse and academic accounts alike are characterized by a sharp divide concerning the nexus between security and secularism¹ in Turkey. On the one hand are those who consider the ‘state establishment’s² interpretation and practices of secularism as unduly restricting the rights and freedoms of ‘the pious’ (Muslims and non-Muslims). On the other hand are those who consider any kind of challenge to the status quo regarding this matter as a threat to ‘national security.’ Historically, both perspectives have had their supporters inside and outside Turkey. A coalition of international actors has, for long, been supportive of the state establishment’s practices³ as the best form of defense against the threat of the rise of irtica (reactionarism). More recently, a growing number of actors including the European Union (EU),⁴ the United States State Department,⁵ and Pope Benedict XVI (Weigel 2006) have been critical of the very same interpretation and practices due to the adverse consequences they have had for the freedom of religion in Turkey. What has drawn the two positions further apart is the emergence of the AKP movement⁶ (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi, Justice and Development Party)

An early version of this chapter was presented at the University of Copenhagen—Danish Institute of International Studies co-organised conference in January 2007. Later versions were presented to the European Studies Research Group of the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, in February 2007, and at the ECPR Standing Group on International Relations (SGIR) C onference in Turin, Italy, 12 –15 September 2007. I would like to thank my co-panelist Ole Wæver and other participants for their comments and criticisms. Most of the research for this chapter was conducted during my residency as a fellow (2006–07) at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC, while working on a broader project on security culture in Turkey.