Skip to main content

‘Going Soft’? Analysing the Contribution of Soft and Hard Measures in EU Gender Law and Policy

  • Chapter
The Europeanization of Gender Equality Policies

Part of the book series: Gender and Politics Series ((GAP))

Abstract

This chapter addresses the importance of soft policy to studies of Europeanization. It does so by examining the role of soft measures in the development of European Union (EU) gender law and policy. Thus, rather than directly addressing the Europeanization of gender policies, this chapter attempts to reverse the process and ask what experience with gender policies can add to our understandings of Europeanization. Soft policy is a key site to study the understandings and expectations flowing from various conceptions of Europeanization, though there are practical difficulties in executing such studies. Taking account of soft policy and the role that it plays still forms a vital part of any investigation into Europeanization.

I would like to thank Michael Dougan and Ruth Lamont of Liverpool Law School and the editors for their helpful suggestions and comments: I remain, of course, liable for any errors and omissions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Ashiagbor, D. (2005) The European Employment Strategy: Labour Market Regulation and New Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bacchi, C. L. (1999) Women, Policy and Politics. The Construction of Policy Problems (London: Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beveridge, F. (2008) ‘Implementing Gender Equality and Mainstreaming in an Enlarged European Union: Prospects and Challenges’, in F. Beveridge and S. Velluti (eds) Gender and the Open Method of Coordination. Perspectives on Law, Governance and Equality in the EU (Aldershot: Dartmouth), pp. 11–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beveridge, F. (2007) ‘Building Against the Past: The Impact of Mainstreaming on EU Gender Law and Policy’, European Law Review, 32: 193–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beveridge, F. and S. Velluti eds (2008) Gender and the Open Method of Coordination: Perspectives on Law, Governance and Equality in the EU (Aldershot: Dartmouth).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, M. (2009) ‘The Ambiguity of Social Europe in the Open Method of Coordination’, European Law Review, 34, 55–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deakin, S. and O. de Shutter (2005) ‘Reflexive Governance and the Dilemmas of Social Regulation’, in S. Deakin and O. de Shutter (eds) Social Rights and Market Forces: Is the Open Coordination of Employment and Social Policies the Future of Social Europe? (Brussels: Bruylant), pp. 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Porte, C. and P. Pochet (2005) ‘Participation in the Open Method of Coordination: The Cases of Employment and Social Inclusion’, in J. Zeitlin and P. Pochet (eds) The Open Method of Coordination in Action: The European Employment and Social Inclusion Strategies (Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang), pp. 353–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dine, J. and R. Watts (1994) ‘Sexual Harassment: Hardening the “Soft” Law’, European Law Review, 19: 104–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougan, M. (2009) ‘The Treaty of Lisbon 2007: Winning Minds not Hearts’, Common Market Law Review, 45: 617–703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duff, A. ed. (1993) Subsidiarity within the European Community (London: Federal Trust).

    Google Scholar 

  • Elgstrôm, O. (2000) ‘Norm Negotiations: The Construction of New Norms Regarding Gender and Development in EU Foreign Aid Policy’, Journal of European Public Policy, 7: 457–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2010) Strategy for Equality between Women and Men, 2010–2015, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2010) 491 final of 21.9.2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2009a) Commission Staff Working Paper, Roadmap for Equality between Women and Men (2006–2010), 2009–10 Work Programme, SEC(2009) 1113 final of 31.7. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2009b) Equality between Women and Men, 2010, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM (2009) 694 final of 18.12.2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2008) A Better Work-life Balance: Stronger Support for Reconciling Professional, Family and Private Life, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2008) 635 final of 3.10.2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabian, K. (2009) ‘The EU’s Influence on Domestic Violence Policies Among its New Post-Communist Member States’, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA’s 50th Annual Convention Exploring the Past, Anticipating the Future, NewYork, February2009, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p312713_index.html, date accessed 19 November 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1991) ‘Governmentality’, in G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (eds) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf), pp. 87–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredman, S. (2001) ‘Equality: A New Generation?’, Industrial Law Journal, 30, 2: 145–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hafner-Burton, E. M. and M. A. Pollack (2009) ‘Mainstreaming Gender in the European Union: Getting the Incentives Right’, Comparative European Politics, 7: 114–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, K. (2004) ‘Soft Regulation and the Subtle Transformation of States: The Case of EU Employment Policy’, Journal of European Social Policy, 14: 355–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebert, U. ed. (2003) Gendering Europeanization (Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardo, E. and P. Meier (2008) ‘Framing Gender Equality in the European Union Political Discourse’, Social Politics 15, 1: 101–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lombardo, E. and P. Meier (2007) ‘European Union Gender Policy since Beijing: Shifting Concepts and Agendas’, in Verloo (ed.) Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality: A Critical Frame Analysis of Gender Policies in Europe (Budapest: CPS Books), pp. 51–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabbett, D. (2007) ‘Learning by Numbers? The Use of Indicators in the Co-ordination of Social Exclusion Policies in Europe’, Journal of European Public Policy, 14: 78–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosher, J. S. and D. M. Trubeck (2003) ‘Alternative Approaches to Governance in the EU: EU Social Policy and the European Employment Strategy’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 41: 63–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Offe, C. (2005) ‘The European Model of “Social” Capitalism: Can It Survive European Integration?’ reprinted in M. Miller (ed.) Worlds of Capitalism: Institutions, Governance and Economic Change in the Era of Globalisation (Abingdon: Routledge), pp. 146–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostner, I. and J. Lewis (1995) ‘Gender and the Evolution of European Social Policies’, in S. Leibfried and P. Pierson (eds) European Social Policy: Between Fragmentation and Integration (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution), pp. 159–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prûgl, E. (2009) ‘Does Gender Mainstreaming Work?’ International Feminist Journal of Politics, 11, 2: 174–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, H. (2004) ‘A Defining Moment: A Feminist Perspective on the Law of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace in the Light of the Equal Treatment Amendment Directive’, Feminist Legal Studies, 12: 181–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scharpf, F. (2002) ‘The European Social Model: Coping with the Challenges of Diversity’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40, 4: 645–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Senden, L. (2005) ‘Soft Law, Self-Regulation and Co-Regulation in European Law: Where do they Meet?’, Electronic Journal of Comparative Law, 9, 1, http://www.ejcl.org/91/art91-3.html, date accessed 19 November 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serrano Pascual, A. (2008) ‘Is the OMC a provider of Political Tools to Promote Gender Mainstreaming’, in F. Beveridge and S. Velluti (eds) Gender and the Open Method of Coordination. Perspectives on Law, Governance and Equality in the EU (Aldershot: Dartmouth), pp. 169–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J. (2007) The Transformation of Citizenship in the European Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J. (2000) ‘Importing Gender: The Challenge of Feminism and the Analysis of the EU Legal Order’, Journal of European Public Policy, 7: 406–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, F. (1993) ‘The Effectiveness of European Community Law: Institutions, Processes, Tools and Techniques’, Modern Law Review, 56: 19–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Surel, Y. (2000) ‘The Role of Cognitive and Normative Frames in Policymaking’, Journal of European Public Policy, 7: 495–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ter Haar, B. and P. Copeland (2010) ‘What Are the Future Prospects for the European Social Model? An analysis of EU Equal Opportunities and Employment Policy’, European Law Journal, 16, 3: 273–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trubeck, D. and L. Trubeck (2005) ‘Hard and Soft Law in the Construction of Social Europe: The Role of the Open Method of Co-ordination’, European Law Journal, 1, 3: 343–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verloo, M. ed. (2007) Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality: A Critical Frame Analysis of Gender Policies in Europe (Budapest: CPS Books).

    Google Scholar 

  • Verloo, M. and A. van der Vleuten (2009) ‘The Discursive Logic of Ranking and Benchmarking’, in E. Lombardo, P. Meier and M. Verloo (eds) The Discursive Politics of Gender Equality (London: Routledge), pp. 169–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verloo, M. and E. Lombardo (2007) ‘Contested Gender Equality and Policy Variety in Europe: Introducing a Critical Frame Analysis Approach’, in M. Verloo (ed.) Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality. A Critical Frame Analysis of Gender Policies in Europe (Budapest: CPS Books), pp. 21–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellens, K. and G. Borchardt (1989) ‘Soft Law in European Community Law’, European Law Review, 14: 267–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woll, C. and S. Jacquot (2010) ‘Using Europe: Strategic Action in Multi-level Politics’, Comparative European Politics, 8, 1: 110–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zalewski, M. (2010) ‘ “I Don’t Even Know What Gender Is”: A Discussion of the Connections between Gender, Gender Mainstreaming and Feminist Theory’, Review of International Studies, 36: 3–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2012 Fiona Beveridge

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Beveridge, F. (2012). ‘Going Soft’? Analysing the Contribution of Soft and Hard Measures in EU Gender Law and Policy. In: Lombardo, E., Forest, M. (eds) The Europeanization of Gender Equality Policies. Gender and Politics Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230355378_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics