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Discourse Analysis as Social Critique pp 1–66Cite as

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Theoretical Approaches to Critique

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Indeed, this was the argument of the German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk against the “tax State”. Regarding his argument and the contestation, see also Herzog and Hernàndez (2009).

  2. 2.

    Sigmund Freud has described this “uneasiness in culture” experienced by modern individuals as a permanent tension between immediate drive satisfaction and cultural stable patterns of long-term, sustainable drive satisfaction (Freud 2002).

  3. 3.

    In Sect. 1.3 we will see the complexity of the task of justifying our normative stance.

  4. 4.

    In English, there is the homophonous word “eutopia”, which means good place, and which may be partly responsible for the consideration of utopias as better or even ideal societies.

  5. 5.

    I do not want to ignore that there are strong arguments against the use of Bourdieu’s concepts of social, cultural, educative, and so on, capital (see e.g. Harvey 2014: 185f).

  6. 6.

    It should not be forgotten that in the concentration camps, political enemies, including trade unionists, socialists, communists, and anarchists were murdered together with homosexuals and the mentally disabled. Furthermore, ethnic and religious minorities, such as Gypsies and Jehovah’s Witnesses, were also exterminated.

  7. 7.

    Later, Habermas includes comprehensibility as a fourth validity claim.

  8. 8.

    For information regarding the complex meaning and translation of aufheben and Aufhebung, see Froeb (2012).

  9. 9.

    Unfortunately, the insights of discourse theory and analysis have not yet been systematically analysed by the most important authors of the Frankfurt School (for a systematic analysis of the relation of discourse, critique, and the Frankfurt School, see also Forchtner (2011) and Forchtner and Tominc (2012)).

  10. 10.

    We could even argue with Habermas that in every statement, in every act that can be understood by others, there is a normative position regarding the normative rightness of the communicative act.

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  1. Dept of Sociology & Social Anthropology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Benno Herzog

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Herzog, B. (2016). Theoretical Approaches to Critique. In: Discourse Analysis as Social Critique. Postdisciplinary Studies in Discourse. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56908-0_1

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