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Working Towards a Boundary Crossing

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The Prison Boundary

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology ((PSIPP))

Abstract

Turner explores offender work programmes to investigate the ways in which prisoners are encouraged to undertake employment to function as productive components of neoliberal capitalist society. ‘Working Towards a Boundary Crossing’ outlines the history of prison work in England and Wales, highlighting the main rationales for engaging prisoners in work. Turner draws examples from employment schemes inside prison, and for those employed on day release or whilst on probation. In analysing these case studies, ‘Working Towards a Boundary Crossing’ argues that attempts to make prisoners productive through employment programmes are not only emblematic of a complex relationship between prison and non-prison, but furthermore creates individuals with multi-faceted identities and multiple conceptualisations of ‘home’ that render them simultaneously and partially both ‘citizens’ and ‘outsiders’ in society.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Although it might be useful, raw reoffending rates between countries should not be directly compared—as there are a range of underlying differences in the justice systems and the methods of calculation (see Ministry of Justice (MoJ) 2010).

  2. 2.

    The report found that 39.3 per cent of adults were re-convicted. This is defined as offences committed in a one year follow-up period and convicted within the follow up period or a further six month waiting period.

  3. 3.

    Gaols Act 1823 (4 Geo. IV, c. 64).

  4. 4.

    Penal Servitude Act 1857 c. 3 National Archives Reference: Regnal. 20_and_21_Vict).

  5. 5.

    Alterations to the work regime were just one of a wide variety of reforms implemented by The Prison Act 1898, designed to make prisons less brutal places. These included allowing ordinary haircuts and clothing (as opposed to shaven heads and the broad-arrow uniform). More visits from the prisoner’s family were allowed, and under less restrictive circumstances. Flogging was finally abolished in 1948. Thus, after the tough regimes of Victorian prisons, the pendulum swung the other way for most of the twentieth century, towards reform.

  6. 6.

    The Holford Committee opted for the rival proposal. The design of choice came from the Penitentiary Act proposals of 1779 which outlines the model for Gloucester Penitentiary—a regime based on ideas of solitude, labour and religion (Penitentiary Act 1779, Held at London Metropolitan Archives, ref.: ACC/3648).

  7. 7.

    Following an escape from HMP Whitemoor in September 1994, the Prison Service turned its attention to preventing further escapes. In light of this, from April 1995 more restrictive arrangements were placed on prisoners requesting release on licence. The number of licenses granted was reduced by 40 per cent, thus decreasing prisoners’ opportunities to work or take part in training courses outside of prison (see Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Prisons (HMCIP) 1995).

  8. 8.

    A number of different companies targeting offender employment as a means of rehabilitation were approached via email or written correspondence. Those detailed in this chapter represent the three case studies where I received invitation for further research.

  9. 9.

    Individuals who have been categorised B prisoners are those who do not require maximum security, but for whom escape needs to be made very difficult.

  10. 10.

    A facilitator of the OxCAB prisoner adviser programme revealed that the process undertaken to secure employment for prisoners was particularly lengthy and that initially there were some concerns. They did not elaborate more than this, but did exemplify media criticism of the project (Interview, facilitator, 12 January 2012).

  11. 11.

    Of the successful completions that the facilitators were in contact with, some individuals were offered further employment within the Blue Sky group or associated companies. At the time of interview, no individuals had been reconvicted or recalled, although programme leaders did provide the caveat that the project was still in its early stages and that its successes, although extremely positive, should not be considered representative (Interview, facilitator, 11 August 2011).

  12. 12.

    All of my participants were male. HMP High Down and HMP Springhill are male prisons. Furthermore, although Blue Sky does also employ female ex-offenders, none were available to participate in the focus group.

  13. 13.

    Places are limited and prisoners find themselves harshly compared to their peers. In many cases, these rehabilitation programmes are only available to the ‘right’ prisoners—usually those who have not committed violent or sexual crimes and are at certain points in their sentences. In segmenting prisoners beyond the individual categorisation provided by NOMS itself, certain individuals are excluded and in doing so, the programmes are made possible—they become viable for security and economic reasons. Inmates have also reported that they are aware that many of their peers have expressed jealousy at not being selected for the scheme (Interview, facilitator, 12 January 2012).

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    Jennifer Turner

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Turner, J. (2016). Working Towards a Boundary Crossing. In: The Prison Boundary. Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53242-8_5

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