Abstract
Giuliani completes her reflection analysing how transnational colour lines are affecting Italy as an “imagined community” and as a “camp” in its most peripheral outpost, Lampedusa, where the differential inclusion of the South of Italy encounters a new set of shifting borders that exclude/differentially include a number of racialised subjects landing on the island. Within the frame of the War on Terror and the migrant/refugee crisis, they and their landings are seen as the enemy threatening peace, happiness and security in an already “economically and politically precarious” society—a figure drawn from the colonial archive that since 9/11 has been reinforcing the notion of Muslim and/or black men as dangerous subjects if not prospective terrorists. Through official and unofficial semiotic and social practices, this discourse entails the hyper-visibilisation/invisibilisation of racialised and hegemonic subjects and the concealment of racist and biopolitical practices.
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Notes
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Étienne Balibar, Politics and the Other Scene (New York: Verso, 2002).
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See Petrovich Njegosh , “Il meticciato nell’Italia contemporanea,” 149; and Annalisa Frisina’s contribution in Frisina and Giuliani, “De-razzializzare l’italianità”; on the 2007 rape and murder of Giovanna Reggiani near Rome and the murder of teenager Yara Gambirasio, see Giuliani, “Per una lettura del contemporaneo. La costruzione della bianchezza in Italia,” in Giuliani and Lombardi-Diop , Bianco e nero, 133–4.
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Sabrina Tosi Cambini and Barbara Govanna Bello, “Note di un’antropologa e di una sociologa del diritto sul cinema di Laura Halilovic,” in Visualità e (anti)razzismo, ed. InteRGRace (Padova: University of Padova Press, 2018) and Tosi Cambini , “Lo spazio del razzismo.”
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See Faso, “La costruzione sociale dell’immigrato e del richiedente asilo in Italia.”
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http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/mondo/lasciate-immigrati-largo-e-scoppia-bufera-su-salvini-1094448.html. But this approach to complicity, borders, and barbarism has a long history: in 1998, the leader of Alleanza Nazionale (National Alliance, an extreme-right party now dissolved), Gianfranco Fini, and the leader of the Centro Cristiano-Democratico (Christian-Democratic Centre, now dissolved), Pierferdinando Casini stated “we need to be able to open fire against migrant smugglers who unload hundreds of illegal immigrants on Italian shores.” http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1999/09/22/casini-sparare-agli-scafisti-fini-in-certi.html.
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Paolo Cuttitta, “‘Borderizing’ the Island Setting and Narratives of the Lampedusa ‘Border Play’,” ACME. An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 13, no. 2 (2014): 196–219. See also, Cuttitta, Lo spettacolo del confine. Lampedusa tra produzione e messa in scena della frontiera (Milano-Udine: Mimesis, 2012).
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Fanon, Black Skin White Masks; Said, Orientalism; Meyda Yegenoglu, Colonial Fantasies: Towards a Feminist Reading of Orientalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Hobson, Venus in the Dark.
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This inconsistency is thematised by two critical visual productions: the documentary Soltanto il mare (2010), by Dagwani Yimer, about the residents and Coast Guard patrol who rescued his boat in 2008, and the film Terra ferma, by Emanuele Crialese, the story of a family giving shelter to a heavily pregnant black woman in Lampedusa.
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Giuliani, “L’italiano negro,” 21–66.
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On Italian positivist and anti-Semitic ideas of “unfitness” of southerners, women, queers, and the Roma, see, among others: on southerners, Teti, La razza maledetta; on women, Giovanni Landucci, “I positivisti e la ‘servitù’ della donna,” in Educazione delle donne, ed. Simonetta Soldani (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1989), 463–95, and Mary Gibson and Nicole Hahn Rafter, “Introduction to Cesare Lombroso (1893),” in Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004); on queers, see Schettini, Il gioco delle parti; on the Roma, see Piasere, L’antitziganismo; on anti-Judaism/anti-Semitism, see Miccoli, Santa Sede, questione ebraica e antisemitismo.
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Giuliani, G. (2019). Conclusions. In: Race, Nation and Gender in Modern Italy. Mapping Global Racisms. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50917-8_8
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