Abstract
For the preparation of organic light-emitting devices (LEDs) an optically transparent and electrically conducting thin film is needed as anode. Usually, a glass substrate coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) is used. We show that ITO is unsuitable in the case of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) prepared by the precursor route. We have found that a reaction in which hydrogen chloride is eliminated during the thermal conversion to PPV and the ITO takes place. Scanning electron microscopy investigations of the ITO-PPV interface demonstrates that indium chloride compounds, e.g., InCl3 crystals with dimensions up to 40 μm, are produced. Photoluminescence measurements reveal that the fluorescence efficiency is quenched by a factor of 2–23 in the case of ITO compared with PPV converted onto usual glass. In a second step we have investigated LEDs prepared from PPV in the ITO/PPV/Al configuration in order to obtain information about the process responsible for the degradation of these devices. We shall show that the formation of the above-mentioned indium chloride compounds is one possible degradation mechanism and is responsible for the relative short lifetimes of these LEDs. To overcome this problem we propose to use fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO) instead of ITO. Finally, we show the results obtained for LEDs in the FTO/PPV/Al configuration and compare them with ITO/PPV/Al devices.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. MERTENS, P. NAGELS, R. CALLAERTS, M. VAN ROY, J. BRIERS and J. J. GEISE, Synth. Metals 51 (1992) 55.
R. W. LENZ, C. C. HAN, J. STENGER-SMITH and F. E. KARASZ, J. Polym. Sci. A 26 (1988) 3241.
I. MURASE, T. OHNISHI, T. NOGUCHI and M. HIROOKA, Polym. Commun. 25 (1984) 327.
T. OHNISHI, T. NOGUCHI, T. NAKANO, M. HIROOKA and I. MURASE, Synth. Metals 41 – 43 (1991) 309.
T. SCHIMMEL, W. RIEß, J. GMEINER, G. DENNINGER, M. SCHWOERER, H. NAARMANN and N. THEOPHILOU, Solid State Commun. 65 (1988) 1311.
F. KAJZAR and J. MESSIER, in “Conjugated polymers”, edited by J. L. Bredas and R. Silbey (Kluwer, Deventer, 1991) p. 509.
H. S. NALWA, Adv. Mater. 5 (1993) 341.
T. KAINO and S. TOMARU, ibid. 5 (1993) 172.
J. H. BURROUGHES, D. D. C. BRADLEY, A. R. BROWN, R. N. MARKS, K. MACKAY, R. H. FRIEND, P. L. BURN and A. B. HOLMES, Nature 347 (1990) 539.
W. RIEß, S. KARG, V. DYAKONOV, M. MEIER and M. SCHWOERER, J. Lumin. 60 – 61 (1994) 906.
C. ZHANG, H. VON SEGGERN, B. KRAABEL, H.-W. SCHMIDT and A. J. HEEGER, Synth. Metals 72 (1995) 185.
Q. PEI and Y. YANG, Adv. Mater. 7 (1995) 559.
J. GMEINER, S. KARG, M. MEIER, W. RIEß, P. STROHRIEGL and M. SCHWOERER, Acta Polym. 44 (1993) 201.
M. SCHWOERER, Phys. Blätter. 1 (1994) 52.
M. HEROLD, J. GMEINER and M. SCHWOERER, Acta. Polym. 45 (1994) 392.
D. R. BAIGENT, N. C. GREENHAM, J. GRÜNER, R. N. MARKS, R. H. FRIEND, S. C. MORATTI and A. B. HOLMES, Synth. Metals 67 (1994) 3.
P. L. BURN, A. KRAFT, D. R. BAIGENT, D. D. C. BRADLEY, A. R. BROWN, R. H. FRIEND, R. W. GYMER, A. B. HOLMES and R. W. JACKSON, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 115 (1993) 10117.
P. L. BURN, A. B. HOLMES, A. KRAFT, D. D. C. BRADLEY, A. R. BROWN, R. H. FRIEND and R. W. GYMER, Nature 356 (1992) 47.
W. TACHELET, S. JACOBS, H. NDAYIKENGURUKIYE, H. J. GEISE and J. GRÜNER, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 (1994) 2364.
J. KIDO, M. KIMURA and K. NAGAI, Science 267 (1995) 1332.
E. Z. FARAGGI, H. CHAYET, G. COHEN, R. NEUMANN, Y. AVNY and D. DAVIDOV, Adv. Mater. 7 (1995) 742.
D. BRAUN and A. J. HEEGER, Appl. Phys. Lett. 58 (1991) 1982.
E. BUCHWALD, M. MEIER, S. KARG, P. PÖSCH, H.-W. SCHMIDT, P. STROHRIEGL, W. RIEß and M. SCHWOERER, Adv. Mater. 7 (1995) 839.
H. SUZUKI, H. MEYER, S. HOSHINO and D. HAARER, J. Appl. Phys. 78 (1995) 2684.
J. POMMEREHNE, H. VESTWEBER, W. GUSS, R. F. MAHRT, H. BÄSSLER, M. PORSCH and J. DAUB, Adv. Mater. 7 (1995) 551.
W. RIEß, S. KARG, M. MEIER, M. CÖLLE and J. GMEINER, in Technical Digest of the International Symposium on Inorganic and Organic Electroluminescence, 1994 (Hamamatsu, Tottori University, Tottori, 1994) p. 84.
R. A. WESSLING, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Symp. 72 (1985) 55.
J. R. BELLINGHAM, W.A. PHILLIPS and C.J. ADKINS, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2 (1990) 6207.
J. C. C. FAN, Appl. Phys. Lett. 34 (1979) 515.
A. F. HOLLEMAN and E. WIBERG, “Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie” (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1985) p. 891.
K. L. CHOPRA, S. MAJOR and D. K. PANDYA, Thin Solid Films 102 (1983) 1.
L. GMELIN, “Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie” (Chemie Weinheim, Weinstrasse, 1971) System-Nr. 46, Teil C1, 98.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
HEROLD, M., GMEINER, J., DRUMMER, C. et al. Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) light-emitting devices prepared via the precursor route onto indium tin oxide and fluorine-doped tin dioxide substrates. Journal of Materials Science 32, 5709–5715 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018661516099
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018661516099