Abstract
As information on the economic, environmental and social benefits of cocoa has grown, so has the understanding that only a coordinated effort by all stakeholders can ensure cocoa sustainability. This chapter describes how chal-lenges to cocoa supplies brought seemingly disparate — if not competitive — groups together in unique public/private partnerships. While it is not meant to be an exhaustive listing of every initiative that has been developed, it provides an overview of how working across sectors has benefited all of those involved in the cocoa industry — corporations, governments, nongovernment organizations and individual farmers. The progress they have made and the lessons learned from these partnerships will help frame policies and practices aimed at ensuring a healthy future for all involved in the cocoa industry, and be a model for such initiatives for the development of other shaded perennial crops in agroforestry systems.
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End Notes
John Lunde, Director of International Environmental Programs for Mars, Incorporated, USA.
Witches’ Broom (Crinipellis perniciosa): witches’ broom is a fungal disease that infects the trees and is spread by spores. It causes broom-like stems that grow from branches. The infected branches turn brown and die from the tip back toward the tree. Finally, small mushrooms grow on the dead brooms, releasing spores that infect other trees. Broom growth uses much of the tree’s energy, causing production of lower number of pods as well as pods with inferior-quality beans.
Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella): Cocoa pod borer is an insect approximately 1 cm long that flies like a mosquito. It is common in Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia and In-donesia. The female lays a tiny egg on the furrowed surface of the pod. After a few days the egg hatches, a larva emerges and burrows into the pod, spoiling the beans inside. The pod dries up after the larva has fed on the pulp and its entry hole allows infections to rot the pod. Approximately two weeks after hatch-ing, the larva leaves the pod, usually producing a silk thread with which to reach the ground.
Philippe Petithuguenin, Director of Cocoa Programme, Centre for International Agricultural Research and Development, Montpellier, France.
L. Barnett, Development Officer, Smithsonian Tropical Re-search Institute, Washington DC, USA.
Tom Lovejoy, then Counselor to the Secretary for Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs at the Smithsonian Institution, Wash-ington DC, USA.
Bill Guyton, President of the World Cocoa Foundation (WCF) and past Vice-President of cocoa research with ACRI.
Stephan Weise, Program Manager for West Africa Sustainable Tree Crops Program (STCP), US-AID, Washington DC, USA.
Carole L. Brookins, United States Executive Director for The World Bank
Jeff Hill, Senior Agricultural Advisor for USAID’s Africa Bureau, USAID, Washington DC, USA.
Black Pod (Phytophthora spp.): black pod is a fungal disease affecting trees grown in humid conditions. There are two strains of the disease: (1) Phytophthora megakyrya that is the faster moving, and thereby the more dangerous, and is currently re-stricted to Cameroon, Nigeria and Ghana, and (2) Phytophthora palmivora that acts more slowly and is thereby more easily controlled. Both strains attack all parts of the plant but this is most pronounced on the pods, which develop dark brown lesions, later becoming dusted with white spores. It is further spread by rain. Both strains may be controlled by selective pruning of diseased pods together with the use of copper fungicides. Frosty pod is another fungal disease, which is caused by Moniliophthora rereri that attacks only young growing pods. It is difficult to detect in its early stages but once infected, the pods become irregularly swollen, then discolored and then grow spores on the surface which are released after rains for up to 10 months and can travel great distances on clothes and shoes. The spores are much smaller than those of witches’ broom and are far more resistant to dry heat and intense, direct sunlight.
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© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
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Shapiro, HY., Rosenquist, E.M. (2004). Public/private partnerships in agroforestry: the example of working together to improve cocoa sustainability. In: Nair, P.K.R., Rao, M.R., Buck, L.E. (eds) New Vistas in Agroforestry. Advances in Agroforestry, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_31
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_31
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