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The Role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in Countering the Manipulation of Sport

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The Palgrave Handbook on the Economics of Manipulation in Sport

Abstract

It is not surprising that, with so much money in sport, sadly, there is some corruption in sport, which may take many forms, including match-fixing. This is particularly true in association football—the world’s favourite sport and also the most lucrative one. For example, English Premier League footballers earn and are transferred for mega sums. We are living in the age when the likes of Wayne Rooney, when he was playing for Manchester United, reputedly earned £300,000 per week. As regards transfers of players, Paul Pogba, for example, was transferred from Juventus to Manchester United in the summer of 2016 for the record sum of £89.3 million! Sadly, however, many other sports are not immune from match-fixing and/or ‘spot fixing’ (a species of match-fixing) either, including the genteel sport of cricket.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See ‘Match Fixing in Football: Europol Investigation Reveals Shocking Results’ by Ian Blackshaw, post of 14 February 2013 at ‘www.gsltr.com’.

  2. 2.

    See ‘Match Fixing in Cricket’ by Ian Blackshaw, ‘The Times’ of 31 August 2010. See also CAS2011/A/2364 Salman Butt v ICC and CAS2011/A/2364 Mohammad Asif v ICC.

  3. 3.

    For more information on the services provided by ‘Sportradar’ to sports bodies to support them in their fight against betting-related match-fixing, log onto their official website at ‘www.sportradar.com’.

  4. 4.

    See ‘Match fixing in Sport: a top priority and ongoing challenge for sports governing bodies’ by Ian Blackshaw, (2013a, b) DEJURE, 47.

  5. 5.

    See generally ‘Sports Betting: Law and Policy’, Anderson, Blackshaw, Siekmann & Soek (Eds.), 2012, TMC Asser Press, The Hague, The Netherlands.

  6. 6.

    CAS 2013/A/3297 Public Joint-Stock Company ‘Football Club Metalist’ v. Union des Associations Européennes de Football (UEFA) & PAOK FC, Award of 29 November 2013.

  7. 7.

    CAS 2016/A/4650 Klubi Sportiv Skenderbeu v. Union Européenne de Football Association (UEFA), Award of 21 November 2016 (operative part of 6 July 2016).

  8. 8.

    www.tas-cas.org. Also, see ‘Sport, Arbitration and Mediation’ by Ian s Blackshaw, 2009, TMC Asser Press, The Hague, The Netherlands.

  9. 9.

    Since FIFA became a ‘member’ of CAS in 2002, the number of football cases handled by CAS has increased exponentially, and, as a result, the CAS maintains a separate list of Arbitrators, with specialist knowledge and experience in football, in addition to its general list.

  10. 10.

    Chateau de Bethusy, Av. De Beaumont 2, CH-1012 Lausanne. Tel: +41 21 613 50 00. Fax: +41 21 613 50 01.

  11. 11.

    Article R45 of the Code of Sports-related Arbitration.

  12. 12.

    For the legal and practical significance of this, see the Judgement of the New South Wales Court of Appeal of 1 September 2000 in the case of Angela Raguz v Rebecca Sullivan [2000] NSWCA 240. In that case, a legal challenge against a CAS arbitral award was dismissed on the ground of lack of jurisdiction because the Court upheld the choice of Lausanne, Switzerland as the seat (i.e. place) of arbitration under the CAS Code of Sports-related Arbitration.

  13. 13.

    Article 1 of the CAS Mediation Rules of 1 September 2013 as amended on 1 January 2016.

  14. 14.

    Article R51 of the Code of Sports-related Arbitration.

  15. 15.

    Article R55, ibid.

  16. 16.

    Article R57, ibid.

  17. 17.

    Under Article R37 of the Code of Sports-related Arbitration.

  18. 18.

    As to the first requirement, see CAS Media Release of 11 December 2015: ‘The 90-day provisional suspension imposed on Michel remains in force, but FIFA is ordered not to extend it’.

  19. 19.

    For further information on the subject of CAS Provisional and Conservatory Measures, see Chapter 5 by Ian Blackshaw and Thilo Pachmann in ‘Yearbook of International Sports Arbitration 2015’, 2016, Asser Press, The Hague, The Netherlands.

  20. 20.

    Under Article R44.4 of the CAS Code of Sports-related Arbitration.

  21. 21.

    CAS 2008/A/11525.

  22. 22.

    In Blackshaw, Ian, ‘The Court of Arbitration for Sport: Provisional and Conservatory Measures’ ISLJ 2008/1–2, at pp. 103 & 104.

  23. 23.

    Article R64 of the Code of Sports-related Arbitration. See also Appendix II—Schedule of Arbitration Costs.

  24. 24.

    Article R64.5 ibid., which provides (in full) as follows: ‘In the arbitral award, the Panel shall determine which party shall bear the arbitration costs or in which proportion the parties shall share them. As a general rule, the award shall grant the prevailing party a contribution towards its legal fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the proceedings and, in particular, the costs of witnesses and interpreters. When granting such contribution, the Panel shall take into account the complexity and outcome of the proceedings, as well as the conduct and the financial resources of the parties’.

  25. 25.

    See the Judgement of 22 March 2007 in the ATP Tour Appeal case brought before the Swiss Federal Court against a CAS Award of 23 May 2006; Reference: 4P 172/2006, which was brought under either para. (d) or para. (e) of article 190(2) of the Swiss Federal Code on Private International Law of 18 December 1987.

  26. 26.

    See Judgement of 27 May 2003 of the First Civil Division of the Swiss Federal Tribunal in the case of A. & B. v International Olympic Committee and International Ski Federation (4P.267/2002; 4P.268/2002; 4P.269/2002; and 4P.270/2002).

  27. 27.

    See UCI v J. 7NCB, CAS 97/176 Award of 28 August 1998, 14.

  28. 28.

    But see the CAS Appeal Awards in Webster (30 January 2008), Matuzalem (19 May 2009) and Shakhtar (28 September 2011) and try to reconcile them!

  29. 29.

    See further on this, Nafziger, J, ‘Arbitration of Rights and Obligations in the International Sports Arena’, (2001) 35(2) Valparaiso University Law Review 57; Nafziger, James A.R., ‘International Sports Law’, Second Edition (2004), Ardsley, NY, Transnational Publishers, Inc. at pp. 48–61; and Blackshaw, I, Siekmann, R. C. R. & Soek, J (Eds.), ‘The Court of Arbitration for Sport 1984–2004’, (2006) The Hague, The Netherlands, TMC Asser Press, at pp. 409–454.

  30. 30.

    CAS 2013/A/3297 Public Joint-Stock Company ‘Football Club Metalist’ v. Union des Associations Européennes de Football (UEFA) & PAOK FC, Award of 29 November 2013.

  31. 31.

    See Article 190(2)(e) of the Swiss Federal Code on Private International Law of December 18, 1987.

  32. 32.

    See Decisions 4A_362/2013 and 4A_448/2013.

  33. 33.

    CAS 2016/A/4650 Klubi Sportiv Skenderbeu v. Union Européenne de Football Association (UEFA), Award of 21 November 2016 (operative part of 6 July 2016).

  34. 34.

    CAS is now registering some 600 arbitration cases each year.

  35. 35.

    A & B v IOC and FIS 4P.267/2002; 4P.268/2002; 4P.269/2002; and 4P.270/2002 of 27 May 2003 and translated at 3 Digest of CAS Awards 2004, 688–689.

References

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

    Ian Blackshaw

  2. Sains les Fressin, France

    Ian Blackshaw

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  1. School of Business, SRH University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Markus Breuer

  2. Centre for Sports Business, Management School, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    David Forrest

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Blackshaw, I. (2018). The Role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in Countering the Manipulation of Sport. In: Breuer, M., Forrest, D. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook on the Economics of Manipulation in Sport. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77389-6_12

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