Abstract
This chapter describes the owners and their products, and it puts forward two main points. One is that patent medicines were produced and traded as an industry which was organised, respectable, stable and profitable, with its own business practices. The other is that the ownership of these medicines was mostly distinct from irregular medicine, including quackery. The industry blossomed in the middle of the eighteenth century, and the owners can be divided into six groups: market leaders, other tradesmen and tradeswomen, medical professionals, elite owners, irregulars and local owners. Some biographical and commercial details are provided for over twenty owners. Numerical analysis reveals that the majority of the owners of nationally advertised medicines were market leaders, tradesmen or medical professionals, not irregular practitioners (‘quacks’).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Archives
Cumbria Archives, Whitehaven, Day Books of John Ware, DA276A.
John Johnson Collection, Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Lancashire Records Office (LRO), Preston: Diary of Elizabeth Shackleton, DDB/81; Correspondence of James Coghlan, RCBu/14.
National Archives, Kew: Will of John Newbery, Prob. 11/935; Will of Francis Spilsbury, Prob. 11/1236.
Newspapers and Journals
Aris’s Birmingham Gazette (ABG).
Gentleman’s Magazine (GM).
Hampshire Advertiser.
House of Commons Journal.
Hull Packet.
Lancet.
Leeds Intelligencer (LI).
Leeds Mercury (LM).
Medical and Chirurgical Review (MCR).
Medical and Physical Journal (MPJ).
Medical Transactions.
Salisbury and Winchester Journal (SWJ).
Swinney’s Birmingham Chronicle.
Printed or Painted Primary Sources
Adair, James, Essays on Fashionable Diseases (London: T. P. Bateman, 1790?).
‘Anthony Daffy Swinton’, The Scourge, 1 (1811), 27–46.
Barfoot, Peter, and John Wilkes, Universal British Directory, 1793–1798 (London, 1793–1798).
Berkenhout, John, An Essay on the Bite of a Mad Dog (London: R. Baldwin, 1783).
Brodum, William, Guide to Old Age, or a Cure for the Indiscretions of Youth (London, 1795).
Chapman, Thomas, Chapman’s Birmingham Directory (Birmingham, 1801).
Clutton, Joseph, Relation of the Good and Bad Effects of Joshua Ward’s Pill and Drops (London, 1736).
Coghlan, J. P., New Publications (London: Coghlan, 1787).
‘Company of Undertakers’, British Museum, 1868,0822.1542.
Delamotte, Peter, Refutation of Mr Henry’s Strictures on Glass’s Magnesia (London, 1774).
Denizen of Liverpool, ‘Samuel Solomon M. D.’, The Scourge, 2 (1811), 287–303.
‘Dr Brodum, Oculist, and Herbalist’, 1790, British Library, Eighteenth Century Collections. http://0-find.galegroup.com (accessed 5 June 2016).
Forbes, Duncan, ‘On the Origins and Progress of Empiricism’, MPJ, 15 (1806), 362–370.
Galliard, Edward, The Use and Abuse of Antimonial Medicines (London: John Murray, 1773).
Glass, Thomas, An Examination of Mr Henry’s Strictures on Glass’s Magnesia (London, 1774).
Henry, Thomas, The Preparation, Calcination, and Medicinal Uses of Magnesia Alba (London: Joseph Johnson, 1773).
Henry, Thomas, A Letter to Dr Glass, Containing a Reply to His Examination of Mr. Henry’s Strictures (London: Joseph Johnson, 1774).
Henry, Thomas, An Account of the Medicinal Virtues of Magnesia Alba, More Particularly of Calcined Magnesia (London: J. Johnson, 1775).
‘Historical and Practical Treatise on the Venereal Disease’, Critical Review, 20 (1797).
Ietros, ‘Of Quacks and Empiricism’, MPJ, 13 (1805), 66–75.
Laity’s Directory (London: Coghlan, 1788).
‘Lecture 3’, The Ghost, 6 (1796), 21–24.
Medical Register for the year 1783 (London: Joseph Johnson, 1783).
Medicus, ‘Dr Brodum’s Intrigues with the College of Physicians’, The Scourge, 2 (1811), 491–493.
Page, John, Receipts for Preparing and Compounding the Principal Medicines Made Use of by the Late Mr Ward (London, 1763).
Priestley, Robert, A Few Interesting Remarks on Bilious Disorders and Yellow Fever (Leeds: Thomas Gill, 1798).
Prosser, Thomas, The Oeconomy of Quackery Considered (London: J. Bew, 1777).
Public Catalogue Foundation, National Trust.
‘Sketch of the Foley-House Masquerade’, Weekly Entertainer, 39 (1802), 451–453.
Solomon, Samuel, A Guide to Health, 52nd edn (London, ?).
Spilsbury, Francis, Free Thoughts on Quacks and Their Medicines (London, 1776).
Spilsbury, Francis, Free Thoughts on the Scurvy, Gout, Diet and Remedy (Rochester, 1783).
Spilsbury, Francis, Discursory Thoughts, 2nd edn (London, 1785).
Trial of Philip Gibson, 1795, Old Bailey Proceedings Online, www.oldbaileyonline.org (accessed 7 April 2013).
Walker, William, Memoirs of the Distinguished Men of Science of Great Britain: Living in the Years 1807–8 (London: W. Walker & Son, 1862).
Ward, William, A Letter Sent to Mr Jos. Clutton (London, 1736).
Secondary Sources
Blom, Frans, Jos Blom, Frans Korsten, and Geoffrey Scott, eds., The Correspondence of James Peter Coghlan (1731–1800) (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2007).
Cody, Lisa Forman, ‘“No Cure, No Money,” or the Invisible Hand of Quackery: The Language of Commerce, Credit, and Cash in Eighteenth-Century British Medical Advertisements’, Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, 28 (1999): 103–130.
Corley, T. A. B., ‘Solomon, Samuel’, ODNB (accessed 2 May 2012).
Corley, T. A. B., ‘Ward, Joshua’, ODNB (accessed 9 April 2016).
Daunton, M. J., Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
Day, Julie, ‘Elite Woman’s Household Management: Yorkshire 1680–1810’ (PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 2007).
Gardner, Victoria E. M., The Business of News in England, 1760–1820 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).
Gerhold, Dorian, ‘The Development of Stage Coaching and the Impact of Turnpike Roads, 1653–1840’, Economic History Review, 67 (2014): 818–845.
Goodwin, Gordon, ‘Glass, Thomas’, rev. Alick Cameron, ODNB (accessed 10 January 2013).
Greenaway, Frank,‘Henry, Thomas’, ODNB (accessed 10 January 2013).
Grimwade, A. G., London Goldsmiths 1697–1837, 3rd edn (London: Faber, 1990).
Halloran, Brian M. ‘Hay, George’, ODNB (accessed 3 November 2012).
Hancock, David, and Patrick Wallis, ‘Quacking and Commerce in Seventeenth-Century London: The Proprietary Medicine Business of Anthony Daffy’, Medical History, Supplement 25 (2005).
Helfand, William, Quack, Quack, Quack: The Sellers of Nostrums in Prints, Posters, Ephemera and Books (New York: Grolier Club, 2002).
Hunter, W. R., ‘William Hill and the Ormskirk Medicine’, Medical History, 12 (1968): 294–297.
Jones, Peter, Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008).
Kirkby, William, ‘Thomas Henry FRS: The Inventor of Calcined Magnesia’, Chemist and Druggist, 121 (1934): 674–675.
Mackintosh, Alan, ‘Authority and Ownership: The Growth and Wilting of Medicine Patenting in Georgian England’, British Journal for the History of Science, 49 (2016): 541–559.
Maxted, Ian, ‘Newbery, Francis’, ODNB (accessed 10 April 2012).
‘Messrs. Newbery’, Chemist and Druggist, 15 (1874): 112–116.
Newbery, Arthur Le Blanc, Records of the House of Newbery (Derby: Bemrose, 1911).
Nicolson, Marjorie, ‘Ward’s “Pill and Drop” and Men of Letters’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 29 (1968): 177–196.
O’Connor, Barry, ‘Hill, Sir John’, ODNB (accessed 8 March 2013).
O’Gorman, Frank, The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688–1832 (London: Hodder Arnold, 1997).
Picton, J. A., Memorials of Liverpool, 2 Vols., 2nd edn (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1875).
Pollock, Linda, With Faith and Physic: The Life of a Tudor Gentlewoman Lady Grace Mildmay 1552–1620 (London: Collins & Brown, 1993).
Porter, Roy, English Society in the Eighteenth Century (London: Penguin Books, 1991).
Rawlings, F. H., ‘Old Proprietary Medicines’, Pharmaceutical Historian, 26 (1996): 4–8.
Rogers, K. H., Medical Matters in Trowbridge, (Trowbridge, Wiltshire: Friends of the Trowbridge Museum, 2002).
Rogers, Nicholas, Catholics in Cambridge (Cambridge: Gracewing, 2003).
Roscoe, S., John Newbery and His Successors: A Bibliography (Wormley, Herts: Five Owls Press, 1973).
Rousseau, G. S., ed., The Letters and Papers of Sir John Hill, 1714–1775 (New York: AMS Press, 1982).
Samuel, Edgar, ‘Brodum, William’, ODNB (accessed 2 May 2012).
Slugg, J. T., Reminiscences of Manchester Fifty Years Ago (Manchester: J. Cornish, 1881).
Steenbrink, J. L. C., ‘Coghlan, James Peter’, ODNB (accessed 3 November 2012).
Vaisey, David, The Diary of Thomas Turner 1754–1765 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).
Vickery, Amanda, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
Wagner, Peter, ‘The Satire on Doctors in Hogarth’s Graphic Books’, in Literature and Medicine During the Eighteenth Century, edited by Marie Mulvey Roberts and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1993), 200–225.
Watson, G. M., ‘Some Eighteenth-Century Trading Accounts’, in The Evolution of Pharmacy in Britain, edited by F. N. L. Poynter (London: Pitman Medical, 1965), 45–77.
Welsh, Charles, A Bookseller of the Last Century (London: Griffith, Farran, Okeden & Welsh, 1885).
White, Jerry, London in the Eighteenth Century: A Great and Monstrous Thing (London: Vintage, 2013).
Wiles, R. M., Freshest Advices: Early Provincial Newspapers in England (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1965).
Zachs, William, The First John Murray and the Late Eighteenth-Century London Book Trade (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mackintosh, A. (2018). Constructing the Industry. In: The Patent Medicines Industry in Georgian England. Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69778-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69778-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69777-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69778-9
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)