Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Child and Family Studies ((SSCFS))

Abstract

Adolescent depressive disorders are an important mental health issue given that at any one time approximately 1 in 20 children and adolescents experience Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and the prevalence for any depressive disorder in youth is about 4 %. While accurate prevalence rates for depressive disorders are unavailable for African American youth, it is believed to be similar to those of White and Latino youths. This chapter provides a review of the historical literature in this area, describes the current state of the research, and offers recommendations for how the limited evidence for African American youth in this area warrants increased attention. This area of study is particularly important, given the worldwide status of depression as the leading cause of disability and its impact on individual functioning in days lost from work and school, and increased involvement of youth with social service systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alegria, M., Carson, N. J., Goncalves, M., & Keefe, K. (2011). Disparities in treatment for substance use disorders and co-occurring disorders for ethnic/racial minority youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(1), 22–31.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alegria, M., Chatterji, P., Wells, K., Cao, Z., Chen, C.-N., Takeuchi, D., . . . Meng, X.-L. (2008). Disparity in depression treatment among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 59(11), 1264–1272.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM 5: Author. Washington, DC: Author

    Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., Erkanli, A., Farmer, E. M., Fairbank, J. A., Burns, B. J., Keeler, G., & Costello, E. J. (2002). Psychiatric disorder, impairment, and service use in rural African American and white youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 59(10), 893–901.

    Google Scholar 

  • APA Task Force on Resilience and Strength in Black Children and Adolescents. (2008). Resilience in African American children and adolescents: A vision for optimal development. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, T. D., & Costello, E. J. (2002). Community studies on adolescent substance use, abuse, or dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(6), 1224–1239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asarnow, J. R., Jaycox, L. H., Duan, N., LaBorde, A. P., Rea, M. M., Murray, P., . . . Wells, K. B. (2005). Effectiveness of a quality improvement intervention for adolescent depression in primary care clinics. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(3), 311–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bean, R. A., Barber, B. K., & Crane, D. R. (2006). Parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control among African American youth. Journal of Family Issues, 27(10), 1335–1355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birmaher, B., & Brent, D. (1998). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(10 Suppl), 63S–83S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breda, C. S. (2003). Offender ethnicity and mental health service referrals from juvenile courts. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(6), 644–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breda, C. S., & Riemer, M. (2012). Motivation for Youth’s Treatment Scale (MYTS): A new tool for measuring motivation among youths and their caregivers. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 39(1–2), 118–132.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breland-Noble, A. M. (2004). Mental healthcare disparities affect treatment of Black adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 34(7), 535–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breland-Noble, A. M., Bell, C., & Nicolas, G. (2006). Family first: The development of an evidence-based family intervention for increasing participation in psychiatric clinical care and research in depressed African American adolescents. Family Process, 45(2), 153–169.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breland-Noble, A. M., Bell, C. C., Burriss, A., & AAKOMA Project Adult Advisory Board. (2011). “Mama just won’t accept this”: Adult perspectives on engaging depressed African American teens in clinical research and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 18(3), 225–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breland-Noble, A. M., Burriss, A., Poole, H. K., & AAKOMA Project Adult Advisory Board. (2010). Engaging depressed African-American adolescents in treatment: Lessons from The AAKOMA Project. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(8), 868–879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breland-Noble, A. M., Childers, T., & Boyce, C. A. (in press). The evidence for CBT in the treatment of mental illness in African Americans. In F. T. L. Leong, G. Bernal, & N. Buchanan (Eds.), Clinical psychology of ethnic minorities: Integrating research and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breland-Noble, A. M., Sotomayor, J., & Burriss, F. A. (2015). Assessing mood disorders and suicidality in African Americans. In L. T. Benuto & B. D. Leany (Eds.), Guide to psychological assessment with African Americans (pp. 87–104). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breland-Noble, A. M., & The AAKOMA Project Adult and Teen Advisory Boards. (2011). Improving mental health treatment engagement for diverse adolescents: A review of the literature and preliminary findings from The AAKOMA FLOA Pilot. In J. C. Miranda, E. Ludman, L. Dixon, R. Lewis-Fernandez, & J. A. Sirey (Eds.), Panel discussion for closing the gaps – Reducing disparities in mental health treatment through engagement. Bethesda, MD: NIMH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breland-Noble, A. M., & Weller, B. (2012). Examining African American adolescent depression in a community sample: The impact of parent/child agreement. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(5), 869–876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breland-Noble, A. M., Wong, M., Hankerson, S., Childers, T., & Sotomayor, J. (2013). Elucidating the relationship between spirituality, religion, culture & treatment engagement for depressed African American youth. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture, Toronto, ON, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breland-Noble, A. M., Wong, M. J., Harding, C., & Carter-Williams, M. (2014). Faith based mental health promotion for African Americans. Paper presented at the Minority Health and Health Disparities Grantees’ Conference: Transdisciplinary Collaborations: Evolving Dimensions of US and Global Health Equity, National Harbor, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent, D., Emslie, G., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., Asarnow, J. R., Keller, M., Vitiello, B., Ritz, L., Iyengar, S., Abebe, K., Birmaher, B., Ryan, N., Kennard, B., Hughes, C., DeBar, L., McCracken, J., Strober, M., Suddath, R., Spirito, A., Leonard, H., Melhem, N., Porta, G., Onorato, M. and Zelazny, J. (2008). Switching to another SSRI or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression: the TORDIA randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 299(8), 901–913. doi:10.1001/jama.299.8.901

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent, D., & Poling, K. (1997). Cognitive therapy treatment manual for depressed and suicidal youth. Pittsburg, PA: Star Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent, D. A., Holder, D., Kolko, D., Birmaher, B., Baugher, M., Roth, C., . . . Johnson, B. A. (1997). A clinical psychotherapy trial for adolescent depression comparing cognitive, family, and supportive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(9), 877–885.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Stimmel, M. A., Zhang, C. S., & Brook, D. W. (2008). The association between earlier marijuana use and subsequent academic achievement and health problems: A longitudinal study. American Journal on Addictions, 17(2), 155–160.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J., Evans-Lacko, S., Aschan, L., Henderson, M. J., Hatch, S. L., & Hotopf, M. (2014). Seeking informal and formal help for mental health problems in the community: A secondary analysis from a psychiatric morbidity survey in South London. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 275.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, L., Cocozza, J., Steadman, H. J., & Tillman, S. (2012). A National Survey of U.S. Juvenile Mental Health Courts. Psychiatric Services, 63(2), 130–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cappon, L., & Laenen, F. V. (2013). Mental health in juvenile judges’ decision-making: Review of literature. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(1), 65–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998, March 20). Suicide among Black youths – United States, 1980–1995. Retrieved February 11, 2003, from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051591.htm.

  • Chafey, M. I. J., Bernal, G., & Rossello, J. (2009). Clinical case study: CBT for depression in a Puerto Rican adolescent: Challenges and variability in treatment response. Depression and Anxiety, 26(1), 98–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, A., Scott, M. M., Jaycox, L. H., Meredith, L. S., Tanielian, T., & Burnam, A. (2009). Racial/ethnic differences in teen and parent perspectives toward depression treatment. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(6), 546–553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, H. S., Meininger, J. C., & Roberts, R. E. (2006). Ethnic differences in adolescents’ mental distress, social stress, and resources. Adolescence, 41(162), 263–283.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, G. N., Hawkins, W., Murphy, M., Sheeber, L. B., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Targeted prevention of unipolar depressive disorder in an at-risk sample of high school adolescents: A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(3), 312–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, G. N., Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., & Seeley, J. R. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of adolescent depression: Efficacy of acute group treatment and booster sessions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(3), 272–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J., Costello, A. J., Edelbrock, C., Burns, B. J., Dulcan, M. K., Brent, D., & Janiszewski, S. (1988). Psychiatric disorders in pediatric primary care: Prevalence and risk-factors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(12), 1107–1116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 837–844.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J. R., & Druss, B. G. (2011). Racial/ethnic differences in mental health service use among adolescents with major depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(2), 160–170.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dannerbeck, J. A., & Jiahui, Y. (2009). Exploring patterns of court-ordered mental health services for juvenile offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(4), 402–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. N., March, J. S., Conners, C. K., & Jackson, D. L. (1998). Racial differences on the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(2), 109–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, C. B., Mason, W. A., Mazza, J. J., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2008). Latent growth modeling of the relationship between depressive symptoms and substance use during adolescence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(2), 186–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, J. E., & Offord, D. R. (1990). Epidemiology of childhood depressive disorders: A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(4), 571–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fraynt, R., Ross, L., Baker, B. L., Rystad, I., Lee, J., & Briggs, E. C. (2014). Predictors of treatment engagement in ethnically diverse, urban children receiving treatment for trauma exposure. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(1), 66–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, A. F., Lau, A. S., Yeh, M., McCabe, K. M., Hough, R. L., & Landsverk, J. A. (2005). Racial and ethnic differences in utilization of mental health services among high-risk youths. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1336–1343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goff, P. A., Jackson, M. C., Di Leone, B. A. L., Culotta, C. M., & DiTomasso, N. A. (2014). The essence of innocence: Consequences of dehumanizing Black children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 526–545.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gone, J., Breland-Noble, A. M., & Hwang, W. C. D. (2013). Beyond reason: Operationalizing culture and spirituality in the age of EBTs. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Convention, Honolulu, HI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudiño, O. G., Lau, A. S., Yeh, M., McCabe, K. M., & Hough, R. L. (2009). Understanding Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Youth Mental Health Services. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 17(1), 3-16. doi: 10.1177/1063426608317710

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannon, L., DeFina, R., & Bruch, S. (2013). The relationship between skin tone and school suspension for African Americans. Race and Social Problems, 5(4), 281–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horwood, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., Hayatbakhsh, M. R., Najman, J. M., Coffey, C., Patton, G. C., . . . Hutchinson, D. M. (2010). Cannabis use and educational achievement: Findings from three Australasian cohort studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(3), 247–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, R. H., Klein, J. B., Reinecke, M. A., Silva, S. G., Tonev, S., Breland-Noble, A., . . . Jones, J. (2008). Ethnic differences in attributions and treatment expectancies for adolescent depression. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(2), 163–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaycox, L. H., Stein, B. D., Paddock, S., Miles, J. N. V., Chandra, A., Meredith, L. S., . . . Burnam, M. A. (2009). Impact of teen depression on academic, social, and physical functioning. Pediatrics, 124(4), e596–e605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joe, S., Baser, R. E., Breeden, G., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2006). Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts among blacks in the United States. JAMA-Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(17), 2112–2123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joe, S., Baser, R. S., Neighbors, H. W., Caldwell, C. H., & Jackson, J. S. (2009). 12-month and lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts among Black adolescents in the National Survey of American Life. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(3), 271–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolko, D. J., Campo, J., Kilbourne, A. M., Hart, J., Sakolsky, D., & Wisniewski, S. (2014). Collaborative care outcomes for pediatric behavioral health problems: A cluster randomized trial. Pediatrics, 133(4), E981–E992.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, M. A., Barksdale, C. L., Lambert, S. F., & Ialongo, N. S. (2010). Social network influences on service use among urban, African American youth with mental health problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(4), 367–373.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, M. A., Korr, W. S., Broitman, M., Bone, L., Green, A., & Leaf, P. J. (2006). Help-seeking behaviors and depression among African American adolescent boys. Social Work, 51(1), 49–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, R. (2002). Racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 273–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K., Nakamura, E., & Kessler, R. (2009). Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11(1), 7–20.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Brody, D., Fisher, P. W., Bourdon, K., & Koretz, D. S. (2010). Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001–2004 NHANES. Pediatrics, 125(1), 75–81.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molock, S. D., Matlin, S., Barksdale, C., Puri, R., & Lyles, J. (2008). Developing suicide prevention programs for African American youth in African American churches. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38(3), 323–333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musa, D., Schulz, R., Harris, R., Silverman, M., & Thomas, S. B. (2009). Trust in the health care system and the use of preventive health services by older black and white adults. American Journal of Public Health, 99(7), 1293–1299.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nebbitt, V. E., Mapson, A., & Robinson, A. (2011). Factor structure and expression of depressive symptoms in a community sample of African American adolescents living in urban public housing. In A. J. Lemelle, W. Reed, & S. J. Taylor (Eds.), Handbook of African American health: Social and behavioral interventions (pp. 129–144). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • NIMH. (2003, October 28). Depression in children and adolescents: A fact sheet for physicians NIH Publication No. 00-4744. Retrieved February 12, 2003, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/depchildresfact.cfm.

  • Primm, A. B. (2014). The quiet crisis: Contextualizing the challenges to mental health of high-aspiring young people of color. Paper presented at the Young, Gifted and at Risk: High Achieving Students of Color and Mental Health, Brown University. Providence, Rhode Island

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinecke, M. A., Ryan, N. E., & DuBois, D. L. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral therapy of depression and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(1), 26–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Rodriguez, M. L., Riyera-Medina, C. L., Camara-Fuentes, L., Suarez-Torres, A., & Bernal, G. (2013). Depression symptoms and stressful life events among college students in Puerto Rico. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145(3), 324–330.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rickwood, D. J., Deane, F. P., & Wilson, C. J. (2007). When and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems? Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7 Suppl), S35–S39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Chan, W. (2009). One-year incidence of psychiatric disorders and associated risk factors among adolescents in the community. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(4), 405–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Chen, Y. R. (1997). Ethnocultural differences in prevalence of adolescent depression. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25(1), 95–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, T., Joe, S., & Lindsey, M. (2011). Perceived stigma and depression among black adolescents in outpatient treatment. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(1), 161–166.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, T., Joe, S., Shields, J., & Caldwell, C. H. (2014). Social integration and the mental health of black adolescents. Child Development, 85(3), 1003–1018.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossello, J., Bernal, G., & Rivera-Medina, C. (2008). Individual and Group CBT and IPT for Puerto Rican adolescents with depressive symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(3), 234–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Evans, L., George, J., Graves, F. G., Kaufmann, L. S., & Frohlich, L. (2014). Unlocking opportunity for African American girls: A call to action for educational equity. Retrieved from Washington, DC: National Women’s Law Center, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snowden, L. R., & Thomas, K. (2000). Medicaid and African American outpatient mental health treatment. Mental Health Services Research, 2(2), 115–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G. L., Curry, J. F., Hersh, J., Breland-Noble, A., March, J., Silva, S. G., . . . Jacobs, R. (2010). Ethnic differences among adolescents beginning treatment for depression. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 152–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study Team. (2003). Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS): Rationale, design, and methods. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(5), 531–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trupin, E., & Boesky, L. M. (2001). Overview of the juvenile justice, mental health, and substance abuse treatment systems. Co-occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Among Youth Involved in the Juvenile Justice System. Retrieved May 3, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, P. H. S., Office of the Surgeon General. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity – A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R. L., Lester, D., & Joe, S. (2006). Lay theories of suicide: An examination of culturally relevant suicide beliefs and attributions among African Americans and European Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 32(3), 320–334.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L., Gorman, R., & Hankerson, S. (2014). Implementing a mental health ministry committee in faith-based organizations: The promoting emotional wellness and spirituality program. Social Work in Health Care, 53(4), 414–434.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A., Harrington, R., & Moore, A. (1996). Controlled trial of a brief cognitive-behavioural intervention in adolescent patients with depressive disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37(6), 737–746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2012). Depression fact sheet. Retrieved January 13, 2014. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/.

  • Wu, P., Hoven, C. W., Cohen, P., Liu, X. H., Moore, R. E., Tiet, Q., . . . Bird, H. R. (2001). Factors associated with use of mental health services for depression by children and adolescents. Psychiatric Services, 52(2), 189–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, J. H., & Dannerbeck, A. (2011). Exploring the relationship between gender, mental health needs, and treatment orders in a metropolitan juvenile court. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(1), 9–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, F. J. (2005). Social and economic determinants of disparities in professional help-seeking for child mental health problems: Evidence from a national sample. Health Services Research, 40(5p1), 1514–1533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M. (2003). Are there racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality? A critique of Lynn’s (2002) racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(6), 1463–1469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alfiee M. Breland-Noble .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Breland-Noble, A.M. (2016). Depressive Disorders. In: Breland-Noble, A., Al-Mateen, C., Singh, N. (eds) Handbook of Mental Health in African American Youth. Springer Series on Child and Family Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25501-9_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics