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Light-Activated Ion Pumps and Channels for Temporally Precise Optical Control of Activity in Genetically Targeted Neurons

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Photosensitive Molecules for Controlling Biological Function

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 55))

Abstract

The ability to turn on and off specific cell types and neural pathways in the brain, in a temporally precise fashion, has begun to enable the ability to test the sufficiency and necessity of particular neural activity patterns, and particular neural circuits, in the generation of normal and abnormal neural computations and behaviors by the brain. Over the last 5 years, a number of naturally occurring light-activated ion pumps and light-gated ion channels have been shown, upon genetic expression in specific neuron classes, to enable the voltage (and internal ionic composition) of those neurons to be controlled by light in a temporally precise fashion, without the need for chemical co-factors. In this chapter, we review three major classes of such genetically encoded “optogenetic” microbial opsins – light-gated ion channels such as channelrhodopsins, light-driven chloride pumps such as halorhodopsins, and light-driven proton pumps such as archaerhodopsins – that are in widespread use for mediating optical activation and silencing of neurons in species from C. elegans to nonhuman primate. We discuss the properties of these molecules – including their membrane expression, conductances, photocycle properties, ion selectivity, and action spectra – as well as genetic strategies for delivering these genes to neurons in different species, and hardware for performing light delivery in a diversity of settings. In the future, these molecules will not only continue to enable cutting-edge science, but may also support a new generation of optical prosthetics for treating brain disorders.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MIT Media Lab, Department of Biological Engineering, McGovern Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Brian Y. Chow, Xue Han, Jacob G. Bernstein, Patrick E. Monahan & Edward S. Boyden

  2. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Brian Y. Chow, Xue Han, Jacob G. Bernstein, Patrick E. Monahan & Edward S. Boyden

Authors
  1. Brian Y. Chow
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  2. Xue Han
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  3. Jacob G. Bernstein
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  4. Patrick E. Monahan
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  5. Edward S. Boyden
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Edward S. Boyden .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, North Pleasant Street 710, Amherst, 01003, Massachusetts, USA

    James J. Chambers

  2. , Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720-3200, California, USA

    Richard H. Kramer

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Chow, B.Y., Han, X., Bernstein, J.G., Monahan, P.E., Boyden, E.S. (2011). Light-Activated Ion Pumps and Channels for Temporally Precise Optical Control of Activity in Genetically Targeted Neurons. In: Chambers, J., Kramer, R. (eds) Photosensitive Molecules for Controlling Biological Function. Neuromethods, vol 55. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-031-7_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-031-7_6

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