Abstract
It was already mentioned in the introduction of this book that there is one example where material accountancy and data verification has become of paramount importance, namely, the international nuclear material safeguards system set up in partial fulfillment of the Non-Proliferation Treaty(1) for nuclear weapons. This system went into operation some years ago; already now it can be said that the experience gained so far demonstrated the practicability and usefulness of the principles applied to a problem the solution of which is crucial for the survival of mankind.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, available as IAEA Document INFCIRC/140, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1970).
M. Willrich and T. B. Taylor, Nuclear Theft: Risks and Safeguards. Ballinger, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1974).
W. Ungerer, Probleme der friedlichen Nutzung der Kernenergie und die Rolle internationaler Organisationen (Problems of the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy and the Role of International Organizations), in Kernenergie und Internationale Politik, K. Kaiser and B. Lindemann (Eds.), R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich (1975).
International Atomic Energy Agency, Non-Proliferation and International Safeguards, Vienna (1978).
International Atomic Energy Agency, Safeguards, Vienna (1972).
M. B. Kratzer, Historical Overview of International Safeguards, Proceedings of an International conference on Nuclear Power Experience, Vienna, September 13–17, 1982, Vol. 5, pp. 273–292 IAEA, Vienna (1983).
International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA Safeguards: Aims, Limitations, Achievements, IAEA/SG/INF/4, Vienna (1983).
F. Morgan, Report to the Director-General of the IAEA by the Consultants on Criteria for Safeguards Procedures (Topic 1), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1969).
P. Frederiksen, D. B. B. Janisch, and J. M. Jennekens. Report to the Director General of the IAEA by the Consultants on Criteria for Safeguards Procedures (Topic 2), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1969).
C. A. Bennett, C. G. Hough, O. Lendvai, and A. Pushkov. Report to the Director General of the IAEA by the Consultants on Criteria for Safeguards Procedures (Topic 3), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1969).
International Atomic Energy Agency, Safeguards Techniques, Vols. I & II, Vienna (1971).
International Atomic Energy Agency, Safeguarding Nuclear Materials, Vols. I & II, Vienna (1976).
International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Safeguards Technology 1978, Vols. I & II, Vienna (1979).
International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Safeguards Technology 1982, Vol. I & II, Vienna (1983).
W. Häfele, Systems Analysis in Safeguards of Nuclear Material. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, September 6–16, 1971, Vol. 9, pp. 303–322, United Nations, New York (1971).
International Atomic Energy Agency, The Structure and Content of Agreements between the Agency and States Required in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, INFCIRC/153, Vienna (1971).
EURATOM, Commission Regulation (EURATOM) No. 3227/76, Official Journal of the European Communities, Brussels 19, L363 (1976).
Commission of the European Communities, Proceedings of the 1st Annual Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Brussels, April 25/27, 1979, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1979).
Commission of the European Communities, Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Edinburgh, March 26/28, 1980, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1980).
Commission of the European Communities, Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Karlsruhe, May 6/8, 1981, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1981).
Commission of the European Communities, Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Versailles, April 19/21, 1983, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1983).
Commission of the European Communities, Proceedings of the 6th Annual Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Venice, May 14/18, 1984, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1984).
International Atomic Energy Agency, The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, INFCIRC/225, Vienna (1977).
W. O. Doub and J. M. Dukert, Making Nuclear Energy Safe and Secure, Foreign Affairs, 53(4), 756–772 (1975).
Interantional Atomic Energy Agency, International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation, Vols. 1–9, Vienna (1980).
J. Jennekens, International Safeguards—The Quantification Issue, IAEA Bull. 22(3/4), 41–44 (1980).
J. Jennekens, Standing Advisory Group on Safeguards Implementation. Proceedings of an International Conference on Nuclear Power Experience, Vienna, September 13–17, 1982, Vol. 5, pp. 327–336. IAEA, Vienna (1983).
International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA Safeguards Glossary, IAEA/SG/INF/, Vienna (1980).
H. Griimm, Safeguards Verification—Its Credibility and the Diversion Hypothesis, IAEA Bull 25(4), 27–28 (1983).
R. Kraemer and W. Beyrich (Eds.), Joint Integral Safeguards Experiment (JEX 70) at the Eurochemic Reprocessing Plant Mol, Belgium, Report No. EUR 4571 and KFK 1100, EURATOM and the Nuclear Research Center, Karlsruhe (1971).
W. Beyrich and E. Drosselmeyer, The Interlaboratory Experiment IDA-72 on Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Analysis, Vols. I and II, Report No. EUR 5203e and KFK 1905/I and II, EURATOM and the Nuclear Research Center, Karlsruhe (1975).
W. Beyrich, W. Golly, and G. Spannagel, The IDA-80 Measurement Evaluation Programme on Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Analysis of Uranium and Plutonium: Comparison with the IDA-72 Interlaboratory Experiment, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ESARDA Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Venice, pp. 439–444, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1984).
D. R. Rogers (Ed.), Handbook of Nuclear Safeguards Measurement Methods, NUREG/GR-2078, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. (1983).
J. Jaech, Statistical Methods in Nuclear Material Control, U.S. Atomic Energy Agency, Washington, D.C. (1973).
W. Häfele and D. Nentwich, Modern Safeguards at Reprocessing Plants and Reactors, Proceedings of the IAEA Symposium on Safeguards Techniques in Karlsruhe, Vol. I, pp. 3–21, IAEA, Vienna (1970).
D. Sellinschegg, G. Nägele, and F. Franssen, Evaluation of Tank Calibration Data in RITCEX, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ESARDA Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Venice, pp. 223–230, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1981).
W. B. Seefeldt and S. M. Zivi, Reprocessing Plant Temporal Response Analysis as the Basis for Dynamic Inventory of In-Process Nuclear Material, Proceedings of the IAEA Symposium on Safeguarding Nuclear Material, Vol. II, pp. 395–404, Vienna (1976).
L. G. Fishbone and B. Keisch, Safeguards Instrumentation—A Computer-Based Catalogue, Report BNL 51 450 of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York (1981).
International Atomic Energy Agency, Non-Proliferation and International Safeguards, Vienna (1978).
R. Avenhaus, W. Golly, and F. J. Krüger, Nuclear Material Accountancy and Data Verification in the Fuel Fabrication Plant RBU, Hanau. Report of the Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe, KFK 2403 (1977).
L. E. Hansen, R. A. Schneider, G. Diessler, and R. A. Boston, Material Accountability Concept for the Exxon Nuclear GmbH LWR Fuel Element Assembly Plant, Proceedings of the 1st Annual ESARDA Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Brussels, pp. 485–496, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1979).
Argentesi, T. Casilli and S. M. Fensom, Implementation of an On-Line Material Management System in an LEU Fabrication Plant, Proceedings of the 2nd Annual ESARDA Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Edinburgh, pp. 208-213, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1980).
M. Cuypers, F. Schinzer, and E. Van der Stricht, Development and Application of a Safeguards System in a Fabrication Plant for Highly Enriched Uranium, Proceedings of the IAEA Symposium Nuclear Safeguards Technology 1978, Vol. I, pp. 261–276, IAEA, Vienna (1979).
R. Avenhaus, R. Beedgen, and H. Neu, Verification of Nuclear Material Balances: General Theory and Application to a High Enriched Uranium Fabrication Plant, Report of the Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe, KFK 2942, Eur 6406e (1980).
R. Avenhaus, R. Beedgen, and H.-J. Goerres, Sampling for the Verification of Materials Balances, Report of the Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe, KFK 3570 (1983).
A. G. Walker, K. B. Stewart, and R. A. Schneider, Verification of Plutonium Inventories, Proceedings of the IAEA Symposium Safeguarding Nuclear Materials, Vol. I, pp. 517–533, IAEA, Vienna (1976).
G. Bork, C. Brückner, and W. Hagenberg, Abschätzung der Ungenauigkeit einer Kernmaterialbilanz in einer Mischoxyd-Fabrikationsanlage (Estimate of the Uncertainty of a Nuclear Material Balance in a Mixed Oxyd Fabrication Plant), Proceedings of the 1st Annual ESARDA Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Brussels, pp. 456–467, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1979).
C. Beets, P. Bemelmans, J. Challe, H. De Canck, R. Ingels, and P. Kunsch, Error Analysis of the Plutonium Balance of a Model Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Line, Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Karlsruhe, pp. 217–231, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1981).
R. Avenhaus, H. Frick, D. Gupta, G. Hartmann, and N. Nakicenovic, Optimization of Safeguards Effort, IAEA Research Contract RB/1209, Report of the Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe, KFK 1109 (1974).
E. A. Hakkila, E. A. Kern, D. D. Cobb, J. T. Markin, H. A. Dayem, J. P. Shipley, R. J. Dietz, J. W. Barnes, and L. Scheinman, Materials Management in an Internationally Safeguarded Fuels Reprocessing Plant, Report of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, LA-8042, Vols. I, II, and III (1980).
International Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai Advanced Safeguards Technology Exercise, Technical Report Series No. 213, Vienna (1982).
L. Urin, H. Kawamoto, and T. Minato, Experience with In-Operation Physical Inventory-Taking (PIT) in Japan’s Uranium Enrichment Pilot Plant, Proceedings of an IAEA Symposium Nuclear Safeguards Technology 1982, Vol. II, pp. 535–546, IAEA, Vienna (1983).
W. Bahm, H. J. Didier, D. Gupta, and J. Weppner, Material Management and International Safeguards in an Uranium Enrichment Facility Based on Separation Nozzle Process, Proceedings of the 1st Annual Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Brussels, pp. 62–66, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1979).
D. M. Gordon, J. B. Sanborn, J. M. Younkin, and V. J. de Vito, An Approach to IAEA Material-Balance Verification at the Portsmouth Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Plant, Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Versailles, pp. 39–43, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1979).
M. Kluth, H. Haug, and H. Schmieder, Konzept zur verfahrenstechnischen Auslegung einer 1000 Jahrestonnen PUREX-Referenzanlage mit Basisdaten für eine Spaltstofflusskon-trolle (Concept for the Design of a 1000 tons per annum PUREX Reference Plant with Basic Data for Safeguards). Report of the Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe, KFK 3204 (1981).
M. Abramovitz and I. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Tables, Dover, New York (1972).
R. Avenhaus, R. Beedgen, and D. Sellischegg, Comparison of Test Procedures for Near-Real-Time Accountancy, Proceedings of the 6th Annual ESARDA Symposium on Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management in Venice, pp. 555–560, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1984).
D. Sellinschegg and U. Bicking, MUF Residuals Tested by A Sequential Test with Power One, Proceedings of an IAEA Symposium on Nuclear Safeguards Technology 1982, Vol. II, pp. 593–406, IAEA, Vienna (1983).
T. Laude, Materialbilanzierung mit transformierten nicht nachgewiesenen Mengen (Material Accountancy with Transformed Test Statistics), Diplomarbeit ID-18/83 of the Hochschule der Bundeswehr München (1983).
C. Kutsch, Numerische Bestimmung der mittleren Laufzeiten beim CUSUM-Test für unabhängige und abhängige Zufallsvariablen (Numerical Calculation of Average Run Lengths of CUSUM Tests for Independent and Dependent Random Variables), Diplomarbeit ID 2/85 of the Hochschule der Bundeswehr München (1985).
H. Vogel, Sattelpunkte von Zweipersonen-Nullsummen-Spielen zur Beschreibung von Datenverifikationsproblemen bei Inventuren (Saddlepoints of Two-Person Zero-Sum Games for the Description of Data Verification Problems of Inventories), Diplomarbeit ID-12/84 of the Hochschule der Bundeswehr München (1984).
D. Ahlers and F. Schneider, Entwicklung von Simulationsverfahren zur Bestimmung der mittleren Laufzeiten beim Test von Page und deren Anwendung auf Materialbilanzierungsprobleme (Development of Simulation Methods for the Determination of Average Run Lengths for Page’s Test and Their Application to Material Accountancy Problems), Diplomarbeit ID-17/83 of the Hochschule der Bundeswehr München (1983).
J. M. Gregson, A. A. Musto, C. P. Cameron, and M. E. Bleck, A Method for Evaluating Containment and Surveillance Systems for Safeguards, Proceedings of the 1st ESARDA Seminar on Containment and Surveillance Techniques for International Safeguards, pp. 192–206, C.C.R. Ispra, Italy (1980).
International Atomic Energy Agency, Report AP-II-19 of the Subgroup on Containment/Surveillance to the International Working Group—Reprocessing Plant Safeguards, Vienna (1981).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Avenhaus, R. (1986). International Nuclear Material Safeguards. In: Safeguards Systems Analysis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0577-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0577-2_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0579-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0577-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive