Skip to main content

Potential Impact of Genomic Information on Childhood Sibling Relationships

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Genomics and the Family

Part of the book series: Issues in Clinical Child Psychology ((ICCP))

Abstract

With the tremendous growth and excitement in the field of genomics, there is reason to be hopeful that evidence-based data on the experience of siblings will follow. As the field prospers, sibling relationships will be challenged by major issues, including differential interest in seeking carrier, pre-symptomatic and susceptibility testing, the handling of differential genomic data between sibling dyads, and the resultant apprehension and mastery. The potential impact of genomic information on childhood sibling relationships is largely not documented. Until the time that we have research on these issues, we turn to the literature on the impact of genetic information and illness on siblings and present existing data, largely based on conditions arising from single gene disorders.

This work was developed with support from the New England Genetics Collaborative, funded by a federal cooperative agreement Health Resources and Services Administration, CFDA #93.110, U22MC10980 (to J.F.), and by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch (to L.W. and T.B.).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Athma, P., Rappaport, R., & Swift, M. (1996). Molecular genotyping shows that ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygotes are predisposed to breast cancer. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics, 92, 130–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balk, D. E. (1990). The self-concepts of bereaved adolescents: Sibling death and its aftermath. Journal of Adolescent Research, 5, 112–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, B. (2005). Symbiotic relationships: Saviour siblings, family rights, and biomedicine. The Australian Journal of Family Law, 19, 195–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birenbaum, L. (1989). The relationship between parent-sibling communication and coping of siblings with death experience. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 6, 86–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birenbaum, L., Robinson, M., Phillips, D., Stewart, B., & McCown, D. (1989). The response of children to the dying and death of a sibling. Omega, 20, 213–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandenberg, F. (1978). I wish I was sick, too! New York: Greenwillow Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, N., & Webster, A. (2004). New medical technologies and society: Reordering life. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. D., Ziv, Y., Sadanandan, S. N., Chessa, L., Collins, F. S., Shiloh, Y., et al. (1997). The ataxia-telangiectasia gene product, a constitutively expressed nuclear protein that is not up-regulated following genome damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 1840–1845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, R. H., Schiff, R. I., Schiff, S. E., Markert, M. L., Williams, L. W., Harville, T. O., et al. (1997). Human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): Genetic, phenotypic and functional diversity in 108 infants. Journal of Pediatrics, 130, 378–387.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cain, A., Fast, I., & Erickson, M. (1964). Children’s disturbed reactions to the death of a sibling. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 34, 741–752.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Census Bureau, U. S. (2005). Income. poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for International Blood & Marrow Transplant Research. (2005). Statistical center of the center for international blood and marrow transplant research. Retrieved March 28, 2006, from http://www.ibmtr.org

  • Chittenden, A. (2009). Genetic counseling for hereditary pediatric cancer susceptibility syndromes. In L. Wiener, M. Pao, A. Kazak, M. J. Kupst, & A. F. Patenaude (Eds.), Quick reference for pediatric oncology clinicians: The psychiatric and psychological dimension of cancer symptom management (pp. 64–67). Charlottesville, VA: IPOS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. S., Friedrich, W. N., Jaworski, T. M., Copeland, D., & Pendergrass, T. (1994). Pediatric cancer: Predicting sibling adjustment. Journal Clinical Psychology, 50, 303–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuttini, M., Da Fre, M., Haupt, R., Giovanni, D., & Tamaro, P. (2003). Survivors of childhood cancer: Using siblings as a control group. Pediatrics, 112, 1454–1455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiGallo, A. G. (2003). While my sister went to the disco, I went to hospital and met the doctors: Narrative as a measure of the psychological integration of the experience of cancer in childhood and adolescence. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 489–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickens, B. M. (2005). Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and ‘savior siblings’. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 88, 91–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Easton, D. F. (1994). Cancer risks in A-T heterozygotes. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 66, S177–S184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eth, S., & Pynoos, R. (1985). Interaction of trauma and grief in childhood. In S. Eth & R. Pynoos (Eds.), Post-traumatic stress disorder in children (pp. 169–186). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H. (1996). Sibling loss. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H. (1999a). “My crooked vision”: The well sib views ataxia-telangiectasia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 87(5), 420–425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H. (1999b). The missing link in linkage analysis: The well sibling revisited. Genetic Testing, 3, 273–278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., Davis, J., & Puck, J. (2001). Sib understanding of genetics and attitudes toward carrier testing for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 98, 46–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., Fahrner, K., Jelveh, M., King, R., & Tejeda, D. (2005). The Sibling Center: A pilot program for siblings of children and adolescents with a serious medical condition. Journal of Pediatrics, 146, 831–835.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., & Gatti, R. A. (1999). A mark on the arm: Myths of carrier status in siblings of individuals with ataxia-telangiectasia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 86, 338–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., & Johnson, J. P. (1995a). Barriers to carrier testing for adult cystic fibrosis sibs: The importance of not knowing. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 59, 85–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., & Johnson, J. P. (1995b). Perception of carrier status by cystic fibrosis siblings. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 57, 431–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., & Mackintosh, M. A. (1999). Never again joy without sorrow: The effect on parents of a child with ataxia-telangiectasia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 87, 413–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., & Nickerson, B. G. (1991). Long-term effects of sibling death during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 70–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., & Puck, J. M. (2001). Family pictures: Growing up with a brother with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 98, 57–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., & Wiener, L. (1994). Siblings of HIV-infected children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15, S43–S48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faux, S. A. (1993). Siblings of children with chronic physical and cognitive disabilities. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 8, 305–317.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fife, B., Norton, J., & Groom, G. (1987). The family’s adaptation to childhood leukemia. Social Science and Medicine, 24(2), 159–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, C., Eiser, C., Oades, P., Sheldon, C., Tripp, J., Goldman, P., et al. (2001). Treatment demands and differential treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis and their siblings: Patient, parent and sibling accounts. Child Care Health Development, 27(4), 349–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gatti, R. A., Berkel, I., Boder, E., Braedt, G., Charmley, P., Concannon, P., et al. (1988). Localization of an ataxia-telangiectasia gene to chromosome 11q22-23. Nature, 336, 577–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gatti, R. A., Meuwissen, H. J., Allen, H. D., Hong, R., & Good, R. A. (1968). Immunological reconstitution of sex-linked lymphopenic immunological deficiency. Lancet, 2, 1366–1369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, M. (1992). A child dies, a child survives: The impact of sibling loss. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 6, 65–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovanola, J. (2005). Sibling involvement at the end of life. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 22, 222–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamama, R., Ronen, T., & Feigin, R. (2000). Self-control, anxiety, and loneliness in siblings of children with cancer. Social Work in Health Care, 31, 63–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, M. S., Armstrong, F. D., Routh, D. K., Albrecht, J., & Davis, J. (1994). Coping and communication among parents and children with human immunodeficiency virus and cancer. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15, S49–S53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Havermans, T., & Eiser, C. (1994). Siblings of a child with cancer. Child Care Health Development, 20, 323–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heffernan, S. M., & Zanelli, A. S. (1997). Behavior changes exhibited by siblings of pediatric oncology patients: A comparison between maternal and sibling descriptions. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 14(1), 3–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, M. J. (1997). Stress response syndromes: PTSD, grief and adjustment disorders (3rd ed.). North Valley, NJ: Jason Aronson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, W. A., & Kazak, A. E. (1990). Family adaptation to childhood cancer: Sibling and family systems variables. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 221–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houtzager, B. A., Grootenhuis, M. A., Caron, H. N., & Last, B. F. (2005). Sibling self-report, parental proxies, & quality of life: The importance of multiple informants for siblings of a critically ill child. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 22, 25–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houtzager, B. A., Grootenhuis, M. A., & Last, B. F. (2001). Supportive groups for siblings of pediatric oncology patients: Impact on anxiety. Psycho-Oncology, 10, 315–324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houtzager, B. A., Oort, F. J., Hoekstra-Weebers, J. E., Caron, H. N., Grootenhuis, M. A., & Last, B. F. (2004). Coping and family functioning predict longitudinal psychological adaptation of siblings of childhood cancer patients. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29, 591–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutson, S. P., & Alter, B. P. (2007). Experiences of siblings of patients with Fanconi anemia. Pediatric Blood Cancer, 48, 72–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, J., & Mastroianni, A. (2004). Creating a stem cell donor: A case study in reproductive genetics. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 14, 81–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M. (1957). Envy and gratitude: A study of unconscious sources. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, R. F. (1984). Living with childhood cancer: Impact on healthy siblings. Oncology Nursing Forum, 11, 44–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreicbergs, U., Valdimarsdottir, U., Onelov, E., Henter, J., & Steineck, G. (2004). Anxiety and depression in parents 4–9 years after the loss of a child owing to a malignancy: A population-based follow-up. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1431–1441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, E., Borresen, A. L., Chen, X., Chessa, L., Chiplunkar, S., Concannon, P., et al. (1995). Localization of an ataxia-telangiectasia gene to an 500-kb interval on chromosome 11q23.1: Linkage analysis of 176 families by an international consortium. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57, 112–119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, H. B. (1982). Toward a psychoanalytic understanding of children of survivors of the holocaust. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 51, 70–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton, J. M. (2003). Peripheral blood as a stem cell source for hematopoietic cell transplantation in children: Is the effort in vein? Pediatric Transplantation, 7, 65–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, K. D., Whitsett, S. F., Mash, E. J., & Pelletier, W. (2003). Pediatric sibling donors of successful and unsuccessful hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HCST): A qualitative study of their psychosocial experience. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 223–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinson, I. M., & Campos, R. G. (1991). Adolescent bereavement: Long-term responses to a sibling’s death from cancer. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 54–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D. J., & Vadasy, P. F. (1994). Sibshops: Workshops for brothers and sisters of children with special needs. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrell, D., Chase, C. L., & Swift, M. (1990). Cancers in 44 families with ataxia-telangiectasia. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics, 50, 119–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J. S. (2002). A qualitative exploration of psychosocial support for siblings of children with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 17, 327–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, M., Yi, H., Rosenblatt, H. M., Filipovitch, A. H., Adelstein, S., Modi, W. S., et al. (1993). Interleukin-2 receptor chain mutation results in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency in humans. Cell, 73, 147–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packman, W. L. (1999). Review: Psychosocial impact of pediatric BMT on siblings. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 24, 701–706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packman, W. L., Crittenden, M. R., Schaeffer, E., Bongar, B., Fischer, J., & Cowan, M. J. (1997). Psychosocial consequences of bone marrow transplantation in donor and non-donor siblings. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 18, 244–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Packman, W., Fine, J., Chesterman, B., VanZutphen, K., Golan, R., & Amylon, M. (2004). Camp Okizu: Preliminary investigation of a psychological intervention for siblings of children with cancer. Children’s Health Care, 33(3), 201–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Packman, W. L., Gong, K., VanZutphen, K., Shaffer, T., & Crittenden, M. (2004). Psychosocial adjustment of adolescent siblings of hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 21, 233–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterkin, A. D. (1992). When brothers and sisters get sick. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phipps, S. (2009). Transplant and donor issues. In L. Wiener, M. Pao, A. Kazak, M. J. Kupst, & A. F. Patenaude (Eds.), Quick reference for pediatric oncology clinicians: The psychiatric and psychological dimension of cancer symptom management (pp. 82–89). Charlottesville, VA: IPOS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pho, L., Zinberg, R., Hopkins-Boomer, T., Wallenstein, S., & McGovern, M. (2004). Attitudes and psychosocial adjustment of unaffected siblings of patients with phenylketonuria. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 126, 156–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pound, A. (1982). Attachment and maternal depression. In C. M. Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 118–130). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puck, J. M., Deschenes, S. M., Porter, J. C., Dutra, A. S., Brown, C. J., Willard, H. F., et al. (1993). The interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain maps to Xq13.1 and is mutated in X-lined severe combined immunodeficiency, SCIDX1. Human Molecular Genetics, 2, 1099–1104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, H. (1985). Unspoken grief: Coping with childhood sibling loss. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savitsky, K., Bar-Shira, A., Gilad, S., Rotman, G., Ziv, Y., Vanagaite, L., et al. (1995). A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science, 268, 1749–1753.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, D., & Rossiter, L. (2002). Siblings of children with a chronic illness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27, 699–710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sloper, P., & While, D. (1996). Risk factors in the adjustment of siblings of children with cancer. Journal Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 597–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strohm, K. (2001). Sibling project: A project in South Australia is pioneering the provision of services for siblings of children with disabilities or chronic illness – A group whose needs are only beginning to be recognized in Australia. Youth Studies Australia, 20(4), 48–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuber, M. L. (1996). Psychiatric sequelae in seriously ill children and their families. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19, 481–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugamura, K., Asao, H., Kondo, M., Tanaka, N., Ishii, N., Ohbo, K., et al. (1996). The interleukin-2 receptor g chain: Its role in the multiple cytokine receptor complexes and T cell development in XSCID. Annual Review of Immunology, 14, 179–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Summerhayes-Cariou, H. (2006). Sixty-five roses: A sister’s memoir. Toronto, Canada: McArthur & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, M., Reitnauer, P. J., Morrell, D., & Chase, C. (1987). Breast and other cancers in families with ataxia-telangiectasia. New England Journal of Medicine, 316, 1289–1294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, V., Fuggle, P., & Charman, T. (2001). Well sibling psychological adjustment to chronic physical disorder in a sibling: How important is maternal awareness of their illness attitudes and perceptions? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42, 953–963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 10–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Kolk, B. A. (1987). Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorechovsky, I., Luo, L., Lindblom, A., Negrini, M., Webster, A. D., Croce, C. M., et al. (1996). ATM mutations in cancer families. Cancer Research, 56, 4130–4133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, C. (1976). The fear of death. In R. L. Fulton (Ed.), Death and identity (pp. 56–66). Bowie, Maryland: Charles Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidner, N. J. (2007). Pediatric palliative care. Current Oncology Report, 9, 437–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, L., Steffen-Smith, E., Battles, H., Wayne, A., Love, C. P., & Fry, T. (2008). Sibling stem cell donor experiences at a single institution. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 304–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, L., Steffen-Smith, E., Fry, T., & Wayne, A. (2007). Hematopoietic stem cell donation in children: A review of the sibling donor experience. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 25, 45–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, F. M., Lindamood, M. M., & Pfefferbaum-Levine, B. (1984). Donor-patient relationship in pediatric bone marrow transplantation. Journal of Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses, 1, 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, K. L., & Woodgate, R. L. (2007). An interruption in family life: Siblings’ lived experience as they transition through the pediatric bone marrow transplant trajectory. Oncology Nursing Forum, 34, 28–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. D. (1997). Siblings and pediatric chronic illness: A review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 34, 312–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wortman, C. B., & Silver, R. C. (1989). The myths of coping with loss. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 349–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zebrack, B. J., Zeltzer, L. K., Whitton, J., Mertens, A. C., Odom, L., Berkow, R., et al. (2002). Psychological outcomes in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, and non Hodgkin’s lymphoma: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Pediatrics, 110, 42–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeltzer, L. K., Dolgin, M., Sahler, O., Roghmann, K., Barbarin, O. A., Carpenter, P. J., et al. (1996). Sibling adaptation to childhood cancer collaborative study: Health outcomes of siblings of children with cancer. Medical Pediatric Oncology, 27, 98–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was developed with support from the New England Genetics Collaborative, funded by a federal cooperative agreement from the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, CFDA #93.110, U22MC10980 (to J.F.), and by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch (to L.W. and T.B.). Angie Boyce was helpful in manuscript preparation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fanos, J., Wiener, L., Brennan, T. (2010). Potential Impact of Genomic Information on Childhood Sibling Relationships. In: Tercyak, K. (eds) Handbook of Genomics and the Family. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5800-6_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics