Abstract
‘Transcendence’ is a word which has largely disappeared from our discourse, and that is perhaps as it should be for so, it seems, has the concern with it from our lives. As for the concept, it subsists in the thin atmosphere of scholarship rather than normal — ordinary or philosophical — discourse; in theology rather than religion; in the unfamiliar Eastern or the esoteric Occult. The consequent difficulty in reaching the issue through ordinary language justifies, perhaps even necessitates, dropping it — unless one thinks, or feels, that there is an issue. In that case, however, one needs to recover the issue in the absence of language, perhaps even save it from the language. In the following I will nevertheless try to get some grip on the concept so as to attempt its analysis. If this fails I will try the more troublesome analysis of ‘experience’. Ideally, of course, the two should come together in a better understanding of how we speak about what we think and feel. But that is to be hoped for rather than aimed at. Though ‘transcendence’ seems largely moribund, other members of the family, most noticeably the verb ‘to transcend’, have some life left in them and so offer an opening for an inquiry. We encounter ‘transcend’ in newspapers, in public addresses, in advertisements for vacuum-cleaners, not just in recondite journals or flyers for yoga classes.
I dedicate this paper to the memory of Dr Paul McLaughlin.
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Notes
Martha Nussbaum, ‘Transcending the Human’, in Love’s Knowledge (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 365–91), p. 368.
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1094a.
Aristotle, Nic. Ethics, I, 4; 1096b:
Descartes, Philosophical Writings, Meditation III (London: Nelson, 1954), p. 76.
Kierkegaard, The Concept of Irony (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1965), p. 56. Kierkegaard uses the example for a different purpose.
Wittgenstein, Notebooks 1914–1916 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1969), p. 74.
The Kantian criticism of the pre-modern moral consciousness as ‘shame’-based (which has long dominated classical scholarship, see for example A. W. H. Adkins, Merit and Responsibility (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960)) is directed firstly at the subject’s moral dependence on the judgement of others, secondly at the failure to recognize that guilt requires responsibility, which in turn presupposes free agency. The latter in particular is underlying in our difficulties with the Greek tragedy, most clearly with Oedipus Rex.
Also H. J. Paton, The Categorical Imperative (London: Hutchinson, 1945), p. 106:
For an excellent discussion of the combination of the extreme solitude of guilt with an intensely personal involvement with the (harmed) other, see Rai Gaita, Good and Evil: An Absolute Conception, esp. Chapter 4 (London: Macmillan Press, 1991).
Thus, P. Ricoeur, The Symbolism of Evil (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 7:
Similarly, Christine Korsgaard, The Sources of Normativity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 104:
Weil, Notebooks II (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976), p. 360.
Buber, Tales of the Hassidim (New York: Schocken Books, 1991), vol. I, p. 135.
For a discussion of aidds, see Gilbert Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960), pp. 83–90; also S. Weil, ‘Zeus and Prometheus’ in Intimations, p. 71.
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Barabas, M. (1997). Transcending the Human. In: Phillips, D.Z., Tessin, T. (eds) Religion without Transcendence?. Claremont Studies in the Philosophy of Religion. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25915-1_12
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