Abstract
No, the winds of change are not sweeping across Africa again. Not this time. Whereas the course of most of the events which brought colonialism to an end in Africa was, like the wind, beyond the control of the Africans themselves, as Africa prepares to enter the twenty-first century the changes being wrought on the continent are in the hands of the Africans. Obviously, there may be external forces influencing decisions being made by Africans, but it is now within the power of the Africans to decide whether, and to what extent, those externalities are going to dictate the course of events.
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Notes
Klaus Ziemer, Demokratisierung in Westafrika? ( Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1984 )
Comi M. Toulabor, Le Togo Sous Eyadema ( Paris: Editions Karthala, 1986 )
See also, Samuel Decalo, Coups and Army Rule in Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976 ).
The African single-party state is analysed in Aristide R. Zolberg, Creating Political Order ( Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966 ).
See William Zartman, ‘The Politics of Boundaries in North and West Africa’, Journal of African Studies, 3, 2 (1965): 155.
See Julius Emeka Okolo, ‘ECOWAS Regional Cooperation Regime’, German Yearbook of International Law, 32 (1989): 112–13.
See Ralph I. Onwuka, ‘Beyond Lomé III: Prospects for Symmetrical EurAfrican Relations’, in Ralph I. Onwuka and Timothy M. Shaw (eds), Africa in World Politics: Into the 1990s ( New York: St Martin’s Press, 1989 ).
Richard Everett, ‘Eyadema’s Nightmare’, Africa Report, 14, 15 (November-December 1986 ).
See Dennis Austin, ‘The Uncertain Frontier: Ghana-Togo’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 1 (1963): 139–46.
Victor T. LeVine, ‘Cameroon, Togo, and the States of Formerly French West Africa’, Peter Duignan and Robert H. Jackson (eds) in Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985 ( London: Croom Helm, 1986 ).
See Julius Emeka Okolo, ‘The Development and Structure of ECOWAS’, in Julius Emeka Okolo and Stephen Wright (eds) West African Regional Cooperation and Development ( Boulder: Westview Press, 1990 ).
S.K.B. Asante, The Political Economy of Regionalism in Africa ( New York: Praeger, 1986 ).
Zaki Laidi, The Superpowers and Africa, trans. by Patricia Baudoin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990 ): 195–6.
L.H. Gann and Peter Duignan, Africa South of the Sahara ( Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1981 ): 34.
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© 1994 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
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Kornfeld, P. (1994). Togo. In: Shaw, T.M., Okolo, J.E. (eds) The Political Economy of Foreign Policy in ECOWAS. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23277-2_10
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