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The Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: a Review of Current Processes and Technologies

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Abstract

The application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in consumer electronics and electric vehicles has been growing rapidly in recent years. This increased demand has greatly stimulated lithium-ion battery production, which subsequently has led to greatly increased quantities of spent LIBs. Because of this, considerable efforts are underway to minimize environmental pollution and reuse battery components. This article will review the current status of the main recycling processes for spent LIBs, including laboratory- and industrial-scale recycling processes. In addition, a brief review of the design and reaction mechanisms of LIBs will be provided, and typical physical, chemical, and bioleaching recycling processes will be discussed. The significance of recycling will also be emphasized in terms of economic benefits and environmental protection. Furthermore, due to the unprecedented development of electric vehicles, large quantities of retired power batteries are predicated to appear in the near future. And because of this, secondary uses of these retired power batteries will be discussed from an economic, technical, and environmental perspective. Finally, potential problems and challenges of current recycling processes and prospects of key recycling technologies will be addressed.

Graphical Abstract

Distribution of typical LIBs recycling companies around the world.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Chinese National 973 Program (2015CB251106), the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1564206), and the Major Achievements Transformation Project for Central University in Beijing. J. Lu and K. Amine gratefully acknowledge the support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, and the Vehicle Technologies Office. The Argonne National Laboratory is operated for the DOE Office of Science by UChicago Argonne, LLC, under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work was especially made possible thanks to the US-China Electric Vehicle and Battery Technology program between Beijing Institute of Technology and Argonne National Laboratory.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China

    Li Li, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Renjie Chen & Feng Wu

  2. Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA

    Matthew Li, Khalil Amine & Jun Lu

  3. Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia

    Khalil Amine

  4. Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    Khalil Amine

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  1. Li Li
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  2. Xiaoxiao Zhang
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Correspondence to Feng Wu, Khalil Amine or Jun Lu.

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Li, L., Zhang, X., Li, M. et al. The Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: a Review of Current Processes and Technologies. Electrochem. Energ. Rev. 1, 461–482 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-0012-1

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