Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A Fresh Look at Socio-Demographics in Work-Family Conflict: a Cluster Analysis Approach

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
Occupational Health Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 01 March 2019

This article has been updated

Abstract

An important gap in work-family literature is the understanding of how socio-demographic variables, such as sex, age, hours worked, age of youngest child, and household income may relate to work-family conflict. Using data from 667 individuals and longitudinal data from 1007 caregivers, separate exploratory cluster analysis by gender provided a three cluster solution for caregiving men, non-caregiving men, and caregiving women and a four cluster solution for non-caregiving women. Differences in work interfering with family were found in caregiving men, caregiving women, and non-caregiving women clusters. Non-caregiving men, non-caregiving women, and caregiving women had differential levels of family interfering with work by cluster. Cohen’s D revealed that age had the largest effect size between clusters for individuals and caregivers. Findings and implications are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 12 March 2019

    Please note that the Acknowledgements to this paper were inadvertently omitted in the original version of the online publication.

  • 12 March 2019

    Please note that the Acknowledgements to this paper were inadvertently omitted in the original version of the online publication.

  • 12 March 2019

    Please note that the Acknowledgements to this paper were inadvertently omitted in the original version of the online publication.

References

  • Adkins, C. L., & Premeaux, S. F. (2012). Spending time: The impact of hours worked on work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 380–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, T. D., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2014). Work–family conflict among members of full-time dual-earner couples: An examination of family life stage, gender, and age. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 376–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A., & Bailyn, L. (1993). Segmentation and synergy: Two models linking work and family. In J. C. Hood (Ed.), Men, work, and family (pp. 262–275). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, B., & Young, L. M. (2007). Aging and work/family issues. In G. Adams & K. Shultz (Eds.), Aging and work in the 21st century (pp. 251–256). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, R. C. (1998). Toward a review and reconceptualization of the work/family literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 124(2), 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American Psychologist, 56(10), 781.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, Z. (2001). The individualized society. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M., Milkie, M. A., Sayer, L. C., & Robin-son, J. P. (2000). Is anyone doing the housework? U.S. trends and gender differentials in domestic labor. Social Forces, 79, 191–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M., Robinson, J. P., & Milkie, M. A. (2006). Changing rhythms of American family life. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, J. (1971). Lives through time. Berkeley: Bancroft Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boushey, H. (2016). Finding time – The economics of work-life conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Boyar, S. L., Maertz Jr., C. P., Pearson, A. W., & Keough, S. (2003). Work-family conflict: A model of linkages between work and family domain variables and turnover intentions. Journal of Managerial Issues, 175–190.

  • Brough, P., & O’Driscoll, M. P. (2015). Integrating work and personal life. In R. J. Burke, K. M. Page, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Flourishing in life, work, and careers: Individual wellbeing and career experiences (pp. 377–394). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R. J. (1988). Some antecedents of work-family conflict. Journal of Social Behavior & personality, 3(4), 287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, S. B., & Smith, J. A. (2000). Integrity and personality: A person-oriented investigation. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Industrial Psychology, New Orleans.

  • Crosby, F. (1991). Juggling: The unexpected advantages of balancing career and home for women and their families. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, J. C., Hammer, L. B., Neal, M. B., & Sinclair, R. R. (2009). Development of a typology of dual-earner couples caring for children and aging parents. Journal of Family Issues, 30(4), 458–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DePasquale, N., Polenick, C. A., Davis, K. D., Moen, P., Hammer, L. B., & Almeida, D. M. (2017). The psychosocial implications of managing work and family caregiving roles: Gender differences among information technology professionals. Journal of Family Issues, 38(11), 1495–1519.

  • Deuling, J. K., & Burns, L. (2017). Perfectionism and work-family conflict: Self-esteem and self-efficacy as mediator. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 326–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drobnic, S. (2011). Introduction: Job quality and work-life balance. In S. Drobnic & A. M. Guillen (Eds.), Work-life balance in Europe. The role of job quality (pp. 1–16). New York: Pelgrave and Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Emslie, C., & Hunt, K. (2009). ‘Live to work’ or ‘work to live’? A qualitative study of gender and work–life balance among men and women in mid-life. Gender, Work and Organization, 16(1), 151–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis (No. 7). WW Norton & Company.

  • Evans, P., & Bartolomé, F. (1984). The changing pictures of the relationship between career and family. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 5(1), 9–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, L., Reinhard, S. C., Houser, A., & Choula, R. (2011). Valuing the invaluable: 2011 update, the growing contributions and costs of family caregiving. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute, 32.

  • Fox, S., & Brenner, J. (2012). Family caregivers online. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project.

  • Galinsky, E. (1999). Ask the children: What America's children really think about working parents. William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1350 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019 (US, $25; Canada, $37). Web site: http://www.familiesandwork.org.

  • Galinsky, E., Bond, J. T., & Friedman, D. E. (1993). National study of the changing workforce. New York: Families and Work Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganster, D. C., & Bates, C. (2003). Do long work hours decrease general wellbeing and increase work-family conflict? In Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle.

  • Gillet, N., Morin, A. J., Cougot, B., & Gagné, M. (2017). Workaholism profiles: Associations with determinants, correlates, and outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 90(4), 559–586.

  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work–family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halbesleben, J. R., Neveu, J. P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014). Getting to the “COR” understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1334–1364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E. J., Erickson, J. J., Fellows, K. J., Martinengo, G., & Allen, S. M. (2014). Work and family over the life course: Do older workers differ? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, A. (1997). The time bind. Working USA, 1(2), 21–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huffman, A., Culbertson, S. S., Henning, J. B., & Goh, A. (2013). Work-family conflict across the lifespan. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(7–8), 761–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Innstrand, S. T., Langballe, E. M., Falkum, E., Espnes, G. A., & Aasland, O. G. (2009). Gender-specific perceptions of four dimensions of the work/family interaction. Journal of Career Assessment, 17, 402–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, G., & Uhlenberg, P. (2000). The influence of parenthood on the work effort of married men and women. Social Forces, 78, 931–949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelloway, E. K., Gottlieb, B. H., & Barham, L. (1999). The source, nature, and direction of work and family conflict: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 337–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ketchen Jr., D. J., & Shook, C. L. (1996). The application of cluster analysis in strategic management research: An analysis and critique. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 441–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korabik, K., Aycan, Z., & Ayman, R. (Eds.). (2017). The work-family interface in global context. Taylor & Francis.

  • Kossek, E. E., Ruderman, M. N., Braddy, P. W., & Hannum, K. M. (2012). Work–nonwork boundary management profiles: A person-centered approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(1), 112–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lavrakas, P. J. (1987). Telephone survey methods: Sampling, selection, and supervision. Sage Publications, Inc.

  • Linville, P. W. (1987). Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 663–676.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2008). Can a manager have a life and a career? International and multisource perspectives on work-life balance and career advancement potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 789.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Major, V. S., Klein, K. J., & Ehrhart, M. G. (2002). Work time, work interference with family, and psychological distress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 427–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matias, M., & Fontaine, A. M. (2015). Coping with work and family: How do dual-earners interact? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(2), 212–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, S. R. (1977). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment. American Sociological Review, 42, 921–936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinengo, G., Jacob, J. I., & Hill, E. J. (2010). Gender and the work-family interface: Exploring differences across the family life course. Journal of Family Issues, 31(10), 1363–1390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniels, C., & Gysbers, N. C. (1992). Counseling for career development: Theories, resources, and practice. Jossey-Bass Publishers.

  • Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work–family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchelson, J. K. (2009). Seeking the perfect balance: Perfectionism and work–family conflict. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(2), 349–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moen, P., Kelly, E., & Huang, Q. (2008). Work, family and life-course fit: Does control over work time matter? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(3), 414–425.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, A. J., Morizot, J., Boudrias, J. S., & Madore, I. (2011). A multifoci person-centered perspective on workplace affective commitment: A latent profile/factor mixture analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 14(1), 58–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). Long work hours: A social identity perspective on meta-analysis data. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(7), 853–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ollier-Malaterre, A., & Foucreault, A. (2017). Cross-national work-life research: Cultural and structural impacts for individuals and organizations. Journal of Management, 43, 111–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry-Jenkins, M., & Wadsworth, S. M. (2013). Work and family through time and space: Revisiting old themes and charting new directions. In Handbook of Marriage and the Family (pp. 549–572). Springer, Boston, MA.

  • Powell, G. N., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2010). Sex, gender, and decisions at the family→ work interface. Journal of Management, 36(4), 1011–1039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajadhyaksha, U., Korabik, K., & Aycan, Z. (2015). Gender, gender-role ideology, and the work–family interface: A cross-cultural analysis. In Gender and the Work-Family Experience (pp. 99–117). Springer International Publishing.

  • Rantanen, J., Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., & Tement, S. (2013). Patterns of conflict and enrichment in work-family balance: A three-dimensional typology. Work and Stress, 27(2), 141–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rospenda, K. M., Richman, J. A., Wolff, J. M., & Burke, L. A. (2013). Bullying victimization among college students: Negative consequences for alcohol use. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 32(4), 325–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shockley, K. M., & Allen, T. D. (2013). Episodic work–family conflict, cardiovascular indicators, and social support: An experience sampling approach. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 262–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shockley, K. M., Shen, W., DeNunzio, M. M., Arvan, M. L., & Knudsen, E. A. (2017). Disentangling the relationship between gender and work–family conflict: An integration of theoretical perspectives using meta-analytic methods. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(12), 1601–1635.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SHRM Workplace Forecast. (2016). Future insights: Top trends affecting the workplace and the HR profession according to SHRM special expertise panels. Alexandria: Published by the Society for Human Resource Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieber, S. D. (1974). Toward a theory of role accumulation. American Sociological Review, 39, 567–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, R. R., Sommers, J. A., Cullen, J. C., & Wright, C. (2005). Performance differences among four organizational commitment profiles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1280–1287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, K. L., & Noe, R. A. (2005). Family-friendly pro-grams and work–life integration: More myth than magic? In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 151–169). London: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B., & Dao, C. (2003). What kids really want that money can't buy. New York: Warner Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2014a). Table A-7: Time spent in primary activities by married mothers and fathers with own household children under 18 by employment status of self and spouse and age of youngest child, average for the combined years 2007–11 [American Time Use Survey]. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/tables/a7_0711.htm.

  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2014b). American Time Use Survey- 2013 Results. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/atus.pdf.

  • Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an object function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 66, 846–850.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, J. M., Rospenda, K. M., Richman, J. A., Liu, L., & Milner, L. A. (2013). Work-family conflict and alcohol use: Examination of a moderated mediation model. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 32(1), 85–98.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, J. M., Rospenda, K. M., & Richman, J. A. (2014). Age differences in the longitudinal relationship between work-family conflict and alcohol use. Journal of Addiction, 2014, 10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of I/O Psychology, Roosevelt University, 430 S Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL, 60605 AUD827J, USA

    Kyle J. Page, Jacqueline K. Deuling & Joseph J. Mazzola

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Kathleen M. Rospenda

Authors
  1. Kyle J. Page
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jacqueline K. Deuling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joseph J. Mazzola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kathleen M. Rospenda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kyle J. Page.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Page, K.J., Deuling, J.K., Mazzola, J.J. et al. A Fresh Look at Socio-Demographics in Work-Family Conflict: a Cluster Analysis Approach. Occup Health Sci 2, 181–201 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-018-0014-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-018-0014-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation