Abstract
A low-diversity hybodont assemblage from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) Qigu Formation at Liuhuanggou in the southern Junggar Basin includes the remains of three taxa based on isolated teeth, two of which represent new species of a hitherto unknown genus: Hybodus sp. cf. H. huangnidanensis Wang, 1977, Jiaodontus montaltissimus gen. et sp. nov., and Jiaodontus vedenemus gen. et sp. nov. H. sp. cf. H. huangnidanensis might represent a new taxon pending future revisions. The two new species of Jiaodontus gen. nov. are assigned to the Lonchidiidae and represent endemic species, which are only known from the Junggar Basin. Their teeth superficially resemble those of other lonchidiids, such as Parvodus and Vectiselachos, but differ in several aspects, including the morphology of the cusp and cusplets and the ornamentation pattern. Two different morphotypes of dermal denticles with hybodont affinities, possibly representing two species, are described. The low enameloid δ18OPO4 values [9.7 ± 0.4‰ (standard deviation), n = 5) of H. sp. cf. H. huangnidanensis teeth indicate that at least this taxon was completely adapted to freshwater. This is in good accordance with the depositional setting and sedimentological results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agassiz JLR (1833–1844; cited as 1837) Recherches sur les poisons fossiles. Imprimerie de Petitpierre, Neuchâtel, p 390 + 32
Ashraf AR, Sun YW, Li J, Sun G, Mosbrugger V (2004) Palynostratigraphic analysis of the Huangshanjie-, Haojiagou-, Badaowan-, Sangonghe- and Xishanyao-Formation (Upper Triassic–Middle Jurassic) in the Southern Junggar Basin (NW China). In: Sun G, Mosbrugger V, Ashraf AR, Sun YW (eds) Proc Sino-German Cooperation Symp Palaeontology, Geological Evolution and Environmental Changes of Sinjiang, China. Urumqi, pp 41–44
Ashraf AR, Sun YW, Sun G, Uhl D, Mosbrugger V, Li J, Herrmann M (2010) Triassic and Jurassic palaeoclimate development in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China - a review and additional lithological data. In: Martin T, Sun G, Mosbrugger V (eds) Triassic-Jurassic biodiversity, ecosystems, and climate in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 90(3). doi:10.1007/s12549-010-0034-0
Averianov AO, Martin T, Bakirov AA (2005) Pterosaur and dinosaur remains from the Middle Jurassic Balabansai Svita in the Northern Fergana Depression, Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia). Palaeontology 48:135–155
Bonaparte CLJL (1832–1838; cited as 1838) Selachorum tabula analytica. Nuov Ann Sci Nat 1:195–214
Chang M, Miao D (2004) An overview of Mesozoic fishes in Asia. In: Arratia G, Tintori A (eds) Mesozoic Fishes 3—Systematics. Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, pp 535–563
Chen LD, Cuny G (2003) Discovery of the Middle-Late Triassic elasmobranch ichthyoliths from Guanling area, Guizhou, SW China. Geol Bull China 22:236–247
Chen L, Cuny G, Wang X (2007) The chondrichthyan fauna from the Middle-Late Triassic of Guanling (Guizhou province, SW China). Hist Biol 19:291–300
Cuny G, Suteethorn V, Kamha S, Buffetaut E, Philippe M (2006) A new Hybodont Shark Assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Hist Biol 18:21–31
Currie PJ (1997) Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. In: Currie PJ, Padian K (eds) Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, San Diego, p 661
Dong Z (1972) Ichthyosaurian fossil from Qomolangma area (in Chinese). Mem Inst Vert Palaeontol Palaeonthropol Acad Sinica 9:7
Dong Z-M (1992) Dinosaurian faunas of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing
Duffin CJ (1985) Revision of the hybodont selachian genus Lissodus Brough (1935). Palaeontographica A 188:105–152
Duffin CJ, Thies D (1997) Hybodont shark teeth from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of northwest Germany. Geol Palaeontol 31:235–256
Eberth DA, Brinkman DB, Chen P, Yuan F, Wu S, Li G, Cheng X (2001) Sequence stratigraphy, paleoclimate patterns, and vertebrate fossil preservations in Jurassic-Cretaceous strata of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang autonomous region, People’s Republic of China. Can J Earth Sci 38:1627–1644
Fan J (2006) An overview of Triassic fishes from China. Vert Palasiat 44:28–42
Hay OP (1902) Bibliography and catalogue of the fossil vertebrata of North America. Bull US Geol Surv 179:1–868
Herman J (1977) Les sélaciens des terrains néocrétacés and paleocènes de Belgique and des contrées limitrophes. Eléments d’une biostratigraphie intercontinentale. Mémoires pur servir à l’explication de Cartes Géologiques et Minières de la Belgique. Serv Géol Belg 15:1–401
Huxley JT (1880) On the application of the laws of evolution to the arrangement of Vertebrata and more particularly of the Mammalia. Proc Zool Soc London 1880:649–662
Klug S (2010) Monophyly, phylogeny and systematic position of the Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii). Zool Scripta 39:37–49
Klug S, Kriwet J (2006) Anatomy and systematics of the Early Jurassic neoselachian shark Synechodus smith-woodwardi (Fraas, 1896) from southern Germany. N Jb Geol Paläont, Mh 2006:193–211
Klug S, Kriwet J (2008) A new basal galeomorph shark (Synechodontiformes, Neoselachii) from the Early Jurassic of Europe. Naturwissenschaften 95:443–448
Klug S, Kriwet J, Böttcher R, Schweigert G, Dietl G (2009) Skeletal anatomy of the extinct shark Paraorthacodus jurensis (Chondrichthyes; Palaeospinacidae), with comments on synechodontiform and palaeospinacid monophyly. Zool J Linn Soc 157:107–134
Kocsis L, Vennemann TW, Fontignie D (2007) Migration of sharks into freshwater systems during Miocene and implications for Alpine paleoelevation. Geology 35:451–454
Kocsis L, Vennemann TW, Hegner E, Fontignie D, Tütken Th (2009) Constraints on Miocene oceanography and climate in the Western and Central Paratethys: O-, Sr-, and Nd-isotope compositions of marine fish and mammal remains. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 271:117–129
Kriwet J (2004) Late Jurassic selachians (Chondrichthyes: Hybodontiformes, Neoselachii) from Central Portugal. N Jb Geol Paläontol Mh 2004:233–256
Kriwet J, Klug S (2004) Late Jurassic selachians (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from southern Germany: Re-evaluation on taxonomy and diversity. Zitteliana A 44:67–95
Kriwet J, Kiessling W, Klug S (2009) Diversification trajectories and evolutionary life-history traits in early sharks and batoids. Proc Royal Soc Biol Ser 276:945–951
Liu XT (1962) Two new Hybodus from north Shensi, China (in Chinese with English summary). Vertebr PalaAsiatica 6:150–156
Maisch MW, Matzke AT (2003) Theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation of the southern Junggar Basin, NW China. Palaeontol Z 77:281–292
Maisch MW, Matzke AT, Pfretzschner H-U, Ye J, Sun G (2001) The fossil vertebrate faunas of the Toutunhe and Qigu formations of the Southern Junggar Basin and their biostratigraphical and paleoecological implications. In: Sun G, Mosbrugger V, Ashraf AR, Wang YD (eds) The advanced study of prehistory life and geology of Junggar Basin, Xinjian, China. Proc Sino-German Cooperation Symp Prehistory Life and Geology of Junggar Basin, China. Urumqi, Xinjiang, pp 83–94
Maisch MW, Matzke AT, Grossmann F, Stöhr H, Pfretzschner H-U, Sun G (2005) The first haramiyid mammal from Asia. Naturwissenschaften 92:40–44
Maisey JG (1975) The interrelationships of phalacanthous selachians. N Jb Geol Paläontol 9:563–367
Maisey JG (1983) Cranial anatomy of Hybodus basanus Egerton from the Lower Cretaceous of Englan. Am Mus Novit 2758:1–64
Maisey JG (1987) Cranial anatomy of the Lower Jurassic shark Hybodus reticulatus (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), with comments on Hybodontoid systematics. Am Mus Novit 2878:1–19
Maisey JG (1989) Hamiltonichthys maapesi, g. & sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii), with comments on hybodontid systematics. Am Mus Novit 2878:1–39
Maisey JG (1990) Selachii. In: Antunes MT, Maisey JG, Marques MM, Schaeffer B, Ghomson KS (eds) Triassic fishes from the Cassange Depression (R. P. de Angola). Ciências da Terra (UNL), Número Especial:16–19
Martin T, Pfretzschner H-U, Wings O, Sun G (2007) Palaeobiogeographical implications of Later Jurassic mammals from the southwestern Junggar Basin (Xinjiang, NW China). In: Sun G, Mosbrugger V, Sun YW, Bruch A (eds) Proc Int Symp Sino-German Cooperation Geology and Environmental Changes in Northern China. Urumqi, Xinjiang, pp 1–4
Martin T, Averianov AO, Pfretzschner H-U (2010) Mammals from the Late Jurassic Qigu Formation in the southern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. In: Martin T, Sun G, Mosbrugger V (eds) Triassic-Jurassic biodiversity, ecosystems, and climate in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 90(3). doi:10.1007/s12549-010-0030-4
Milner ARC, Kirkland JI (2006) Preliminary review of the early Jurassic (Hettangian) freshwater Lake Dixie fish fauna in the Whitmore Point Member, Moenave Formation in southwest Utah. In: Harris D, Lucas SG, Spilmann JA, Lockley MG, Milner ARC, Kirkland JI (eds) The Triassic–Jurassic Terrestrial Transition. N M Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 37:510–521
Mutter RJ, de Balanger K, Neuman AG (2007) Elasmobranchs from the Lower Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation near Wapiti Lake (BC, Canada). Zool J Linn Soc 149:309–337
Owen R (1846) Lectures on the comparative anatomy and physiology of the vertebrate animals, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1844 and 1846. Part 1. Fishes. Longman, London, p 308
Patterson C (1966) British Wealden sharks. Bull Brit Mus (Nat Hist) Geol 11:283–349
Pfretzschner H-U, Martin T, Maisch MW, Matzke AT, Sun G (2005) A new docodont mammal from the Late Jurassic of the Junggar Basin in Northwest China. Acta Palaeontol Pol 50:799–808
Prasad GVR, Manhas BK, Arratia G (2004) Elasmobranch and actinopterygian remains from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of India. In: Arratia G, Tintori A (eds) Mesozoic Fishes 3—Systematics. Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, pp 625–638
Rees J (2002) Shark fauna and depositional environment of the earliest Cretaceous Vitabäck Clays at Eriksdal, southern Sweden. Trans R Soc Edinb Earth Sci 93:59–71
Rees J (2008) Interrelationships of Mesozoic hybodont sharks as indicated by dental morphology—preliminary results. Acta Geol Pol 58:217–221
Rees J, Underwood CJ (2002) The status of the shark genus Lissodus Brough, 1935, and the position of nominal Lissodus species within the Hybodontoidea (Selachii). J Vert Paleontol 22:472–479
Rees J, Underwood CJ (2008) Hybodont sharks of the English Bathonian and Callovian (Middle Jurassic). Palaeontology 51:117–147
Richter A, Wings O, Pfretzschner H-U, Martin T (2010) Late Jurassic Squamata and possible Choristodera from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. In: Martin T, Sun G, Mosbrugger V (eds) Triassic-Jurassic biodiversity, ecosystems, and climate in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 90(3). doi:10.1007/s12549-010-0037-x
Rieppel O (1981) The hybodontiform sharks from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland. N Jb Geol Paläontol Abh 161:324–353
Rieppel O (1982) A new genus of shark from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland. Palaeontology 25:399–412
Russell D (1993) The role of central ASia in dinosaurian biogeography. Can J Earth Sci 30:2002–2012
Shang Y, Cuny G, Chen L (2008) Early Middle Jurassic vertebrate microremains from the Three Gorges area, southern China. Hist Biol 20:87–99
Sweetman SC, Underwood CJ (2006) A neoselachian shark from the non-marine Wessex Formation (Wealden group: Early Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England. Palaeontology 49:457–465
Underwood CJ, Rees J (2002) Selachian faunas from the earliest Cretaceous Purbeck Group of Dorset, southern England. Spec Papers Palaeont 68:83–101
Vennemann TW, Hegner E, Cliff G, Benz GW (2001) Isotopic composition of recent shark teeth as a proxy for environmental conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:1583–1599
Wang NZ (1977) Jurassic fishes from Lingling-Hengyang, Hunan and its stratigraphical significance (in Chinese). Vert PalAsiat 15:233–243
Wang NZ, Yang SR, Jin F, Wang W (2001) Early Triassic Hybodontoidea from the Tiandong of Guangxi, China (in Chinese with English abstract). Vert Palasiat 39:251–265
Wang NZ, Jin F, Wang W (2004) Early Carboniferous fishes (acanthodian, actinoptergians and chondrichthyans) from the east sector of North Qilian Mountain, China. Vert PalAsiat 42:89–110
Wang NZ, Zhu XS, Jin F, Wang W (2007) Chondrichthyan microremains under Permian-Triassic boundary both in Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces, China—Fifth report on the fish sequence study near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China. Vert PalAsiat 45:13–36
Wang NZ, Zhang X, Zhu M, Zhao WJ (2009) A new articulated hybodontoid from Late Permian of northwestern China. Acta Zool (Stockholm) 90[Suppl 1]:159–180
Wings O, Fowler DW, Maisch MW, Martin T, Pfretzschner H-U, Sun G (2007) Dinosaur teeth from the Jurassic Qigu and Shishugou formations of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang/China and their palaeobiogeographical implications. In: Sun G, Mosbrugger V, Sun YW, Bruch A (eds) Proc Int Symp Sino-German Cooperation Geology and Environmental Changes in Northern China. Urumqi, Xinjiang, pp 5–10
Wings O, Schwarz-Wings D, Pfretzschner H-U, Martin T (2010) Overview of Mesozoic crocodylomorphs from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China, and description of isolated crocodyliform teeth from the Late Jurassic Liuhuanggou locality. In: Martin T, Sun G, Mosbrugger V (eds) Triassic-Jurassic biodiversity, ecosystems, and climate in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 90(3). doi:10.1007/s12549-010-0033-1
Woodward AS (1916) The fossil fishes of the English Wealden and Purbeck Formations. Part 1. Monogr Palaeontol Soc 69:1–48
Xue Xing-Xu (1980) New materials of Hybodontidae in Gansu and Shaanxi (in Chinese with English summary). Vertebrat Palasiatic 18:9–15
Young CC (1935) On a dorsal fin Spine of Hybodus from NW Kansu (Gansu). Bull Geol Soc China 14:53–54
Young CC (1941) On two new fossil fishes from southwestern China. Bull Geol Soc China 21:91–96
Young CC (1942) Fossil vertebrates from Kuangyuan, Szechuan. Bull Geol Soc China 22:293–297
Zacke A, Voigt S, Joachimski MM, Gale AS, Ward DJ, Tütken T (2009) Surface-water freshening and high-latitude river discharge in the Eocene North Sea. J Geolog Soc 166:969–980
Zangerl R (1981) Chondrichthyes I, Paleozoic Elasmobranchii. In: Schultze H-P (ed) Handbook of Palaeoichthyology, 3B, Fischer, Stuttgart, p 115
Zhang MM (1976) A new species of helicoprionid shark from Xizang (Chinese with English abstract). Sci Geol Sin 1976(4):332–336
Zhang JY (2007) Two shark finspines (Hybodontoidea) from the Mesozoic of North China. Cret Research 28:277–280
Acknowledgements
For collaboration and field assistance, we are deeply indebted to personnel from the Geological Survey No. 1 in Urumqi and the Jilin University in Chanchun, especially to Prof. Sun Ge for his constant help and support. We would like to thank Li Jie, Du Xing, Wu Wenhao, Dr. Sun Yue-Wu, Köbi Siber, Rico Schellhorn, Ben Thuy, Jean Sebastian Marpmann, Juliane Hinz, Kristina Hippe, Roland Kersting and Christian Dechert for their help during excavation. Sven Balmer, Juliane Hinz, Kristina Pascher, Roland Kersting, Franziska Kiebach, Anke Küttner, Kai Jäger, Jacqueline Langer, Leonie Lenssen, Achim Schwermann, Nadine Siegling, Annika Szameitat, Benedikt Steiner, and Ben Thuy picked the screen-washing concentrate under the stereomicroscope. Jürgen Kriwet is thanked for lively and helpful discussions. Dorothea Kranz (Bonn) provided Fig. 1. Chris Duffin and two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their helpful comments, which improved the manuscript. The project was funded by technical grants MA 1643/11 to TM and PF 219/21 to Hans-Ulrich Pfretzschner (Tübingen) of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). TT was funded by the DFG grant TU 148/2-1: Emmy Noether-Group “Bone Geochemistry”. SK acknowledges the DFG for supporting her research under grant numbers KR2307/3-1 and KR2307/3-2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is a contribution to the special issue “Triassic-Jurassic biodiversity, ecosystems, and climate in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Klug, S., Tütken, T., Wings, O. et al. A Late Jurassic freshwater shark assemblage (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the southern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 90, 241–257 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-010-0032-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-010-0032-2