Abstract
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) is a shared metabolite of several synthetic pyrethroid pesticides (SPs) resulting from environmental degradation of parent compounds and thus occurs frequently as a residue in samples. Hence, the importance of 3-PBA evaluation after pyrethroid application. There is a gap of analytical methods to determine 3-PBA in soil samples. Therefore, an analytical method that combines the solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) detection has been developed for the determination of 3-PBA in soil samples. The analytical method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, intra- and inter-day batch precisions, recoveries, and quantification limits. An SPE method using a Strata X cartridge allows obtaining limits of detection and quantification equal to 4.0 and 13.3 ng g−1, respectively. Under optimized conditions, the method average recovery levels ranged from 70.3 to 93.5% with a relative standard deviation below 3.4%. Method intra- and inter-day precision was under 5.0 and 4.8%, respectively. The developed method was applied to 11 agricultural soil samples in the north of Portugal. The developed methodology allowed for the determination of the pyrethroid metabolite, 3-PBA, in agricultural soil samples at levels of few ng g−1.
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The authors are greatly indebted to all financing sources.
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I. Bragança is financially supported by FCT through the doctoral research grant financed by fellowship (SFRH/BD/52504/2014). This work was supported by the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UID/QUI/50006/2013) and co-financed by the ERDF under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007265).
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Highlights
• An analytical method that combines an aqueous solid-liquid extraction, the SPE procedure, and GC/MS detection has been introduced for determination of 3-PBA in soil samples for the first time
• An SPE method at ng g−1 level has been validated for the detection of 3-PBA in soil
• Recoveries at the three fortification levels ranged from 70.3 to 93.5%
• The pyrethroid metabolite, 3-PBA, was detected in agricultural soil sample at levels of few nanograms per gram.
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Bragança, I., Lemos, P.C., Delerue-Matos, C. et al. Pyrethroid pesticide metabolite, 3-PBA, in soils: method development and application to real agricultural soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 2987–2997 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3690-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3690-7