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Biomarkers of PAH exposure and hematologic effects in subjects exposed to combustion emission during residential (and professional) cooking practices in Pakistan

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the exposure of household women and professional male workers to combustion emission in the indoor and semi-outdoor environments, respectively, by using biochemical parameters and the biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Female (WR n = 60) and male “cooks” (WC n = 60) exposed to the combustion emission of fuel wood and coal in rural/suburban areas of Pakistan were recruited in this study and compared to non-exposed female (CF) and male (CM) groups (n = 32 and 34, respectively). Urinary biomarkers of PAH exposure including 1-hyroxypyrene (1-OHPyr), α-naphthol, and β-naphthol were analyzed together with the biomarkers of effect, including the serum c-reactive proteins (CRP), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), and platelet (PLT) count. In addition, blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) and urinary level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were evaluated to determine the oxidative stress and DNA damage, respectively. A questionnaire was used to document demographic-, health-, and exposure-related information. The results showed that urinary β-naphthol was almost 44 % higher in WR subjects than WC (median 7.69 vs. 3.39 μmol/mol-Cr, respectively; p = 0.01) and respective controls (CF). Higher urinary 8-OHdG were observed in WR (71.1 ng/mg-Cr) than WC (56.37 ng/mg-Cr) (p < 0.001), and lower life status and higher degree of headache were observed in WR than WC. In WCs, however, a low Hb and high WBC (8.29 × 103 μL−1, ranging between 6.1 and 10.6 × 103 μL−1) were observed in comparison with CM. The study shows that WC subjects used larger amount of fuel and were subjected to prolonged exposure. It was concluded that the role of ventilation is fundamental and WR were more exposed to PAHs despite the fact that WC spent more time in cooking (due to occupational requirement) than WR.

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Abbreviations

1-OHPyr:

1-hyroxypyrene

8-OHdG:

8-hyroxydeoxyguanosine

BMI:

body mass index

CRP:

c-reactive protein

CVD:

cardiovascular disease

WR:

female residential cooks

Hb:

hemoglobin

HPLC:

high-pressure liquid chromatography

IQR:

interquartile range

KMO:

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sample adequacy

WC:

male professional cooks

MCV:

mean corpuscular volume

MW:

molecular weight

PAHs:

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCA:

principal component analysis

PLTs:

platelets

RBCs:

red blood cells

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

WBCs:

white blood cells

μmol/mol-Cr:

micromole per mole creatinine

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Italy. We acknowledge the Higher-Education Commission, Pakistan (HEC) for providing financial support for the research work under the International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Atif Kamal & Riffat Naseem Malik

  2. Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

    Alessandra Cincinelli & Tania Martellini

  3. CNR, Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, Via Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venezia, Italy

    Alessandra Cincinelli

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  3. Tania Martellini
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  4. Riffat Naseem Malik
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Correspondence to Atif Kamal or Riffat Naseem Malik.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Kamal, A., Cincinelli, A., Martellini, T. et al. Biomarkers of PAH exposure and hematologic effects in subjects exposed to combustion emission during residential (and professional) cooking practices in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 1284–1299 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5297-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5297-6

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