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A sixty-year tryst with photosynthesis and related processes: an informal personal perspective

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Abstract

After briefly describing my early collaborative work at the University of Allahabad, that had laid the foundation of my research life, I present here some of our research on photosynthesis at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, randomly selected from light absorption to NADP+ reduction in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. These include the fact that (i) both the light reactions I and II are powered by light absorbed by chlorophyll (Chl) a of different spectral forms; (ii) light emission (fluorescence, delayed fluorescence, and thermoluminescence) by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria provides detailed information on these reactions and beyond; (iii) primary photochemistry in both the photosystems I (PS I) and II (PS II) occurs within a few picoseconds; and (iv) most importantly, bicarbonate plays a unique role on the electron acceptor side of PS II, specifically at the two-electron gate of PS II. Currently, the ongoing research around the world is, and should be, directed towards making photosynthesis better able to deal with the global issues (such as increasing population, dwindling resources, and rising temperature) particularly through genetic modification. However, basic research is necessary to continue to provide us with an understanding of the molecular mechanism of the process and to guide us in reaching our goals of increasing food production and other chemicals we need for our lives.

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Fig. 1

Source: Archives of Govindjee’s collection

Fig. 2

Photo by Govindjee

Fig. 3

Copyright: reproduced with permission from the authors of: Shevela et al. (2013a)

Fig. 4

Source: Govindjee’s Archives

Fig. 5

Source: Govindjee’s Archives

Fig. 6

Source: Govindjee’s Archives

Fig. 7

Source: Govindjee’s Archives

Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Source: Govindjee’s Archives

Fig. 10

Govindjee’s Archives

Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Source: Govindjee’s Archives

Notes

  1. I thank Morten Christiansen (of Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Cornell University, Ithaca) and Sanjram P. Khanganba (of Human Factors & Applied Cognition Lab, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore) for the references and discussions on this topic.

  2. Readers can get a glimpse of certain aspects of my research life by watching an Annual Reviews, Inc video of an interview by Donald R. Ort at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOzuL0vxEi0 (Also, see the second item on http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/; and https://podtail.com/podcast/annual-reviews-conversations/a-conversation-with-govindjee/.)

  3. An informal account is on a web site: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/govindjee-living-legend-i-met-dr-ravi-sharma; also see https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/govindjee-rajni-confluence-photosynthesis-dr-ravi-sharma.

  4. Laloraya (1970) wrote the following (which matches exactly with my own memory of the occasion): “1 vividly remember the morning Govindjee and I carried the first successful amino acid separation chromatogram to Dr. Shri Ranjan‘s house at 8:30 in the morning. He was in his veranda in half-sleeve shirt resting in his big chair after his early morning garden activity. He looked towards us and shouted, ‘What brings you so early in the morning to my house! Is there a fire in the department!’ Quietly we moved towards him and opened the newspaper wrapping the chromatogram on a table kept in front of him. He looked at it and shouted ‘Oh it is beautiful’ and jumped out of the chair. He held us by our shoulders and virtually had a swing. He rushed inside with joy saying ‘Wait for 5 min. I shall get ready and be with you.’ He came out dressed up, took out his big Ford car, asked us to sit by his side and drove us to the department. He was excited and happy like a child, as we were, and he made us forget that he was our great Professor with whom no one could be so close as we were at that moment. He ordered everything that we needed for research work and we were granted access at any time to meet him in connection with our research work.”

  5. Among others, Govindjee (2000) and Shevela et al. (2013a) have reviewed oxygenic photosynthesis. A history of the Z-scheme, involving two light reactions, and two pigment systems was published by Govindjee et al. (2017). The Z-scheme can be downloaded from my web site http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/ (see 4th and 7th items from the top).

  6. On my second day in Urbana, Illinois, I went to the administration building of UIUC to officially register and to receive advance payment on my UIUC fellowship since the Government of India had allowed me to carry only seven US dollars. The clerk asked me what my name was. I said “Govindjee, starting with the letter G.” He looked in his files, and said: “Mr. Govindjee, I am sorry, but we don’t have any fellowship for you.” I was shocked and showed him the letter of my UIUC fellowship award. He said, after a brief moment “Oh, Mr. G. Jee, OK, you do have an award.” I immediately responded, “Sir, please note that my name is ‘Govindjee,’ not ‘G. Jee’; it is one name, and please put the two words together.” He did and since then I have been ‘Govindjee.’ Why did I do that? Well, “G.Jee” sounds like “Jeeji” which means elder sister in Hindi, and I did not want to be ridiculed by my Indian friends, as I was in school in India! Now, one name has given me more trouble than the sound of “Jeeji” since I am now called ‘Fnu Govindjee’ (where Fnu stands for First Name Unknown); I do not like ‘Fnu’ at all. Thus, I am going back to the ‘Jeeji’ sound, but as ‘G.G.’ for ‘Govindjee Govindjee,’ with both first and last names the same, although I will continue to publish under one name only. (My US passport and other formal documents are now under two names.)

  7. When I entered Emerson’s lab in the morning of October 24, 1956, I was quite surprised to see Emerson cutting vegetables (including onions) in preparation for cooking an omelet, with his assistant Ruth (Shorty) Chalmers, standing next to him. He said with a smile “Happy birthday! This is for you, but I will show you how to cook an omelet since I am worried that you will not survive here unless you know how to cook, and I do want you to do experiments for your PhD.” (I was quite lean and thin.) Yes, I did learn to cook omelets, and I am here writing this article.

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Acknowledgements

First of all, I thank all the thousands of undergraduate and hundreds of wonderful graduate students in my classes that I taught from 1961 to 1999 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in different departments or programs: Plant Biology (earlier Botany); Biology (Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology); Honors Biology; Biophysics (and Quantitative Biology); Physiology & Molecular Biology (Cell Biology); and Biochemistry; and from 1954 to 1956 at the University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India, in the Department of Botany. I give special thanks to Rajni Govindjee for reading this manuscript, and making comments on my text, and for providing me most of the photographs shown here. I also thank my daughter Anita Govindjee for reading and correcting an earlier draft of this manuscript. I am highly indebted to Lars Olof Björn & Dima Shevela (of Sweden), Radek Kaňa (of Czech Republic), Robert (Bob) Blankenship, William (Bill) Coleman, Donald (Don) R.Ort, Rita Khanna, Alexandrina (Sandra) Stirbet & Barbara Zilinskas, (of USA), Kärin Nickelsen (of Germany), George C. Papageorgiou (of Greece), Xin-Guang Zhu (of China), Tatsuya Tomo (of Japan), Suleyman Allakhverdiev (of Russia), and Julian Eaton-Rye (of New Zealand) for reading and making suggestions for improvement before the submission of this text; Julian has my greatest gratitude, especially for his article about me in this special issue. I have accepted most of the suggestions of all the readers; all leftover errors are mine.

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  1. Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

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I dedicate this Tryst in research to my mentors: Shri Ranjan of Allahabad University, India (1899–1969), Robert Emerson (1903–1959), and Eugene I. Rabinowitch (1901–1973) of the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, USA.

Appendix

Appendix

I list those who trusted me to be their advisor (mentor and friend) for their graduate research; they are (chronologically arranged, with the names of countries from where they had come): Carl N. Cederstrand (PhD, Biophysics, 1965; USA; co-advisor: Eugene Rabinowitch); Louisa Yang (Chen Chou Ni) (Master of Science (MS), Biology, 1965; USA); Anne Krey (MS, Biophysics, 1966; USA & Germany); George C. Papageorgiou (PhD, Biophysics, 1968; Greece); John C. Munday, Jr.(PhD, Biophysics, 1968; USA): Frederick Y.T. Cho # (PhD, Biophysics, 1969; USA); Ted Mar (PhD, Biophysics, 1971; Canada); Maarib D.L. Bakri (Bazzaz) (PhD, Biology, 1972; USA & Iraq); Prasanna K. Mohanty# (PhD, Biology, 1972; India); Glenn W. Bedell, II (PhD, Biology, 1972; USA); Alan J. Stemler (PhD, Biology, 1974, USA); Barbara A. (Braun) Zilinskas (PhD, Biology, 1975, USA); Ralph Schooley (MS, Biophysics, 1976; USA); Paul A. Jursinic (PhD, Biophysics, 1977, USA); David L.VanderMeulen (PhD, Biophysics, 1977, USA); Thomas J. Wydrzynski# (PhD, Biology, 1977; USA); Daniel Wong (PhD, Biophysics, 1979; USA); James M. Fenton (Biophysics, 1980, USA); Willem F. J. (Wim) Vermaas (D,Sc., Agriculture, the Netherlands, 1984; USA & the Netherlands; advisor: JackVan Rensen); Rita Khanna (PhD, Biology, 1980; India & USA); William J. Coleman (PhD, Biology, 1987; USA); Julian J. Eaton-Rye (PhD in Biology, 1987; UK & New Zealand); Danny J. Blubaugh (PhD, Biology, 1987, USA); Jiancheng Cao (PhD, Biology, 1992; China & USA): Chunhe Xu (PhD, Biophysics, 1992; China); Hyunsuk Shim (PhD, Biophysics, 1992; S. Korea & USA; co-advisor: Peter Debrunner); Jin Xiong (PhD, Biology, 1996; USA & China); Paul Spilotro (MS, Biology, 1999; USA); and Oliver Holub (PhD, Physics; advisor: Robert M. Clegg; Germany).

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Govindjee A sixty-year tryst with photosynthesis and related processes: an informal personal perspective. Photosynth Res 139, 15–43 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-018-0590-0

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