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Mass Flux Experiments in Solid \(^4\)He: Some History, Recent Work and the Current Status

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Abstract

Measurements that document a number of the characteristics of \(^{4}\hbox {He}\) mass flux through a cell filled with solid \(^{4}\hbox {He}\) carried out at the University of Massachusetts and elsewhere are reviewed. The mass flux is found to be a universal function of temperature, to have nonlinear behavior as a function of the driving chemical potential as might be expected for a Luttinger liquid and the flux can be extinguished at a concentration-dependent temperature by the presence of \(^{3}\hbox {He}\) . Strong evidence indicates that the flux is carried by the cores of dislocations present in the solid. Some contact with the history of quantum fluids and relevant early work in solid helium is made as is contact with theory related to the notion of a supersolid and mass flux in \(^{4}\hbox {He}\) .

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Adapted from Fig. 1 in Ref. [81] (Color figure online)

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Acknowledgements

I very much appreciate the opportunity to contribute to this anniversary volume of the Journal of Low Temperature Physics. Our work at the University of Massachusetts Amherst has been done in collaboration with M. Ray, Ye. Vekhov and more recently with V. Rubanskyi. Without them, much of what has been reported here from UMass would not exist. We have benefitted from many discussions with numerous colleagues in the quantum solids community, particularly S. Balibar, J. Beamish, M.H.W. Chan, A. Kuklov, J.D. Reppy and, especially, our local colleagues W. Mullin, N. Prokofev, and B.V. Svistunov. We appreciate the permission to use the figures provided by Z. Cheng and J. Beamish and by J. Shin and M.H.W. Chan. Our most recent work was supported primarily through funds provided by NSF DMR 1205217 and DMR 1602616. Modest additional support was also available from funds provided by the Research Trust Fund administered by the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

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    R. B. Hallock

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Hallock, R.B. Mass Flux Experiments in Solid \(^4\)He: Some History, Recent Work and the Current Status. J Low Temp Phys 197, 167–186 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02214-6

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