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Hydrochemical and isotopic approach to dynamic recharge of a dolomite aquifer in South Africa

Approche isotopique et hydrochimique de la dynamique de recharge d’un aquifère dolomitique d’Afrique du Sud

Enfoque hidroquímico e isotópico de la recarga dinámica de un acuífero de dolomita en Sudáfrica

采用水化学和同位素方法了解南非一个白云岩含水层动力学补给

Abordagem hidroquímica e isotópica da recarga dinâmica de um aquífero dolimítico na África do Sul

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Abstract

The dolomite aquifer is the largest water source in northern South Africa. The flow dynamics of the dolomite aquifer is investigated by using analyses of the hydro-chemical parameters and isotopes (3H, δ2H, δ18O, δ13C-DIC and 14C-DIC) of spring samples. Recharge areas of the dolomite aquifer are confirmed through interpretation of the hydro-geochemical types of the spring samples. The important role of rainfall in groundwater recharge is suggested by low Na+ and Cl concentrations and by the δ2H and δ18O values of the spring samples. Groundwater mean residence time (MRT) and its temporal and spatial distributions within the young dolomite spring system can be analyzed using an improved lumped-parameter model based on the time series of 14C-DIC, initial 14C activities and δ13C-DIC values of the spring samples collected during the 1970s and 2000s. The results show that the spring samples have about 50–80% of the initial 14C activities and the MRTs of the dolomite spring system range from ≤10–51 years. At five spring sites, the temporal distributions of groundwater MRTs are identified to be significantly influenced by the variability of the local rainfall. At the Kuruman sites only, an increasing trend of the groundwater MRTs and the evolution of the [Ca2+]/[Mg2+] ratio along the flow direction indicate an important role of deep groundwater inflow to the spring flow. The results provide basic scientific information required for sustainable management of the dolomite aquifer.

Résumé

L’aquifère dolomitique est la plus grande réserve en eau du nord de l’Afrique du Sud. L’hydrodynamique de l’aquifère dolomitique a été étudié à l’aide de l’analyse des paramètres hydrochimiques et isotopiques (3H, δ2H, δ18O, δ13C-CID et 14C-CID) des échantillons d’eau de sources. Les aires de recharge de l’aquifère dolomitique ont été confirmées par l’interprétation des types hydrochimiques des échantillons des sources. Le rôle important des pluies dans la recharge des eaux souterraines a été montré du fait des faibles concentrations en Na+ et Cl- et par les valeurs de δ2H and δ18O des échantillons des sources. Le temps moyen de résidence des eaux souterraines (TMR) et sa variabilité spatiale et temporelle au sein du système dolomitique jeune ont été analysés à l’aide d’un modèle à paramètres globaux se basant sur les séries de 14C-CID, de l’activité 14C initiale et des valeurs de δ13C-CID des sources échantillonnées durant les années 1970 et 2000. Les résultats indiquent que les sources échantillonnées présentent environ 50–80% d’activité en 14C initiale et des TMR du système de sources dolomitiques entre ≤10–51 ans. Pour cinq sources, la distribution temporelle des TMR des eaux souterraines a été identifiée comme influencée de manière significative par la variabilité locale des précipitations. Sur les sites de Kuruman uniquement, une augmentation de la tendance des TMR des eaux souterraines et l’évolution du rapport [Ca2+]/[Mg2+] le long des directions d’écoulement indiquent la part importante des eaux souterraines profondes à l’écoulement de la source. Ces résultats apportent une information scientifique nécessaire à la gestion durable de l’aquifère dolomitique.

Resumen

El acuífero dolomítico es la fuente de agua más grande en el norte de Sudáfrica. La dinámica de flujo del acuífero dolomítico se investiga mediante análisis de los parámetros hidroquímicos e isótopos (3H, δ2H, δ18O, δ13C-DIC and 14C-DIC) en muestras de los manantiales. Las áreas de recarga del acuífero dolomítico se confirman a través de la interpretación de los tipos hidrogeoquímicos. El importante papel de la lluvia en la recarga de agua subterránea se sugiere por las bajas concentraciones de Na+ and Cl- y por los valores de δ2H and δ18O de las muestras de los manantiales. El tiempo medio de residencia (MRT) del agua subterránea y sus distribuciones temporales y espaciales dentro del sistema de manantiales de la dolomita se pueden analizar mediante un modelo de parámetros concentrados basado en la serie de tiempo de 14C-DIC, actividades iniciales de 14C y los valores de δ13C-DIC de los manantiales de las muestras recolectadas durante los años 1970 y 2,000. Los resultados indican que las muestras de los manantiales tienen alrededor del 50–80% de las actividades iniciales de 14C y los MRT del sistema de los manantiales de la dolomita van desde ≤10–51 años. En cinco sitios de manantiales, las distribuciones temporales de MRT del agua subterránea se identifican como significativamente influenciadas por la variabilidad de la precipitación local. Solo en los sitios de Kuruman, una tendencia creciente de los MRT de agua subterránea y la evolución de la relación [Ca2+]/[Mg2+] a lo largo de la dirección del flujo indican un papel importante de la entrada profunda de agua subterránea al flujo del manantial. Los resultados proporcionan información científica básica requerida para el manejo sostenible del acuífero dolomítico.

摘要

白云岩含水层是南非北部最大的水源供应地。通过利用泉水样的水化学参数和同位素(3H、 δ2H、 δ18O、 δ13C-DIC 及 14C-DIC)研究了白云岩含水层的水流动力学。通过泉水水样的水化学类型解译确定了白云岩含水层的补给区。Na+ 和 Cl-的低含量以及泉水样品中的δ2H 及 δ18O值表明了降雨在地下水补给中的重要作用。根据1970s 至2000s期间收集的样品中的14C-DIC时序、初始14C活度以及δ13C-DIC值,通过利用改进的集总参数模型分析了年轻白云岩泉水系统中地下水平均滞留时间及其时空分布。结果显示,白云岩泉水系统中泉水样品初始14C活度大约50%到80%,平均滞留时间为≤10到51年。在五个泉点,确定了地下水平均滞留时间的时间分布受到当地降雨的极大影响。仅在Kuruman一地,地下水平均滞留时间增加的趋势以及沿水流方向的[Ca2+]/[Mg2+]比值演化表明,深层地下水入流对泉流有重要作用。结果提供了白云岩含水层可持续管理所需的基本科学信息。

Resumo

O aquífero dolomítico é a maior fonte de água no norte da África do Sul. A dinâmica de fluxo do aquífero dolomítico é investigada por meio de análises de parâmetros e isótopos hidroquímicos (3H, δ2H, δ18O, δ13C-DIC e 14C-DIC) de amostras de nascentes. As áreas de recarga do aquífero dolomítico são confirmadas através da interpretação dos tipos hidrogeoquímicos das amostras de nascentes. O papel importante da precipitação na recarga das águas subterrâneas é sugerido pelas baixas concentrações de Na+ e Cl- e pelos valores de δ2H e δ18O das amostras de nascentes. O tempo médio de permanência (TMP) das águas subterrâneas e suas distribuições temporais e espaciais dentro do jovem sistema de nascentes dolomíticas podem ser analisados ​​usando um modelo de parâmetros agrupados melhorado baseado na série temporal de 14C-DIC, atividades iniciais de 14C e valores de δ13C-DIC das amostras coletadas das nascentes durante as décadas de 1970 e 2000. Os resultados mostram que as amostras de nascentes têm cerca de 50–80% das atividades iniciais de 14C e os TMPs do sistema de nascentes dolomíticas variam de ≤10–51 anos. Em cinco locais de nascentes, as distribuições temporais de TMPs das águas subterrâneas são identificadas como sendo significativamente influenciadas pela variabilidade da precipitação local. Apenas nos locais de Kuruman, uma tendência crescente dos TMPs subterrâneos e a evolução da relação [Ca2+]/[Mg2+] ao longo da direção do fluxo indicam um importante papel do fluxo de águas subterrâneas profundas para o fluxo da nascente. Os resultados fornecem informações científicas básicas necessárias para o manejo sustentável do aquífero dolomítico.

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Acknowledgements

Eddy van Wyk is appreciated for data collection. Stephan Woodborne is thanked for handling laboratory analyses at Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (Pretoria, CSIR). Individuals, including Carel Taljaard, Frans Mokgatle and Johan Talma, are appreciated for their support during data collection in the field.

Funding

This research was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 51469002, 51009029 and 41807197), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (grant numbers 2017GXNSFBA198087 and 2014GXNSFBA118263), and the Systematic Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety (grant number 2016ZDX004).

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Correspondence to Yongxin Xu.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Table 2 Geochemical compositions and isotopes of spring samples

Appendix 2

Table 3 Groundwater 14C mean residence times (MRTs) of spring samples using the exponential-piston model (EPM) with f = 0.75

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Xiao, L., Xu, Y. & Talma, A.S. Hydrochemical and isotopic approach to dynamic recharge of a dolomite aquifer in South Africa. Hydrogeol J 27, 945–964 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01926-z

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