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Review: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable groundwater management in Africa

Revue: Défis et opportunités pour la gestion durable des eaux souterraines en Afrique

Revisión: Desafíos y oportunidades para la gestión sostenible del agua subterránea en África

综述:非洲可持续地下水管理的挑战和机遇

Revisão: Desafios e oportunidades para gerenciamento sustentável das águas subterrâneas na África

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Abstract

Groundwater plays a fundamental yet often little appreciated role in supporting economic development and human well-being in both urban and rural environments, as well as supporting many aquatic ecosystems in Africa. Thus, groundwater has high relevance to the development and well-being of Africa, if adequately assessed and sustainably exploited. Whilst the potential for groundwater-resources development continues to be reported in the literature, a quantitative understanding of these issues remains poor. The objective of this paper is to highlight the main groundwater issues and problems in Africa and the current and expected opportunities for sustainable groundwater management. This will be done through the review of existing knowledge of groundwater resources and of ongoing and planned groundwater management programs and initiatives. Groundwater resources in Africa face increasing threat of pollution from urbanisation, industrial development, agricultural and mining activities, and from poor sanitation practices and over-exploitation due to increasing demand to meet human and agricultural needs. However, despite the existence of a number of groundwater management challenges, groundwater resources in Africa are still generally under-developed and can meet the various needs in a sustainable manner if better managed. Thus, strategies to ensure sustainable development and management of groundwater resources need to be put in place. These include establishment of groundwater monitoring systems, understanding of the groundwater–aquatic ecosystem relationships, management of transboundary aquifers, addressing climate-change impacts on groundwater, assessing the impact of increased pumping from various types of aquifers on sustainability of groundwater abstraction, and capacity building in groundwater management.

Résumé

Les eaux souterraines jouent un rôle fondamental et pourtant souvent sous-estimé dans l’aide au développement économique et au bien-être de l’homme dans les environnements urbains et ruraux, ainsi que dans le soutien de beaucoup d’écosystèmes aquatiques en Afrique. Ainsi, les eaux souterraines sont très pertinentes pour le développement et le bien-être en Afrique, à condition qu’elles soient correctement évaluées et exploitées de manière durable. Tandis que le potentiel de développement des ressources en eau continue à être rapporté dans la littérature, la compréhension quantitative de ces sujets demeure faible. L’objectif de cet article est d’éclairer les enjeux et problématiques principales des eaux souterraines en Afrique et les opportunités actuelles ou prévues pour la gestion durable des eaux souterraines. Ceci sera fait par l’examen de la connaissance actuelle des ressources en eaux souterraines et des programmes et initiatives en cours ou à venir sur leur gestion. Les ressources en eaux souterraines en Afrique font face à la menace croissante de la pollution par l’urbanisation, le développement industriel, les activités agricoles et minières, et les pratiques médiocres en matière d’hygiène ainsi que la surexploitation liée à une demande croissante pour satisfaire les besoins humains et agricoles. Cependant, en dépit de l’existence d’un certain nombre de défis de gestion des eaux souterraines, les ressources en eaux souterraines en Afrique sont toujours généralement sous exploitées alors qu’elles pourraient satisfaire d’une manière durable les divers besoins si elles étaient mieux gérées. Ainsi, des stratégies pour assurer un développement et une gestion durable des ressources en eaux souterraines doivent être mises en place. Elles comprennent l’établissement de systèmes de suivi des eaux souterraines, la compréhension des relations entre les écosystèmes aquatiques et les eaux souterraines, la gestion des aquifères transfrontaliers, tout en traitant des impacts du changement climatique sur les eaux souterraines, en évaluant l’impact de l’augmentation des pompages à partir de divers types d’aquifère sur la durabilité de l’exploitation des eaux souterraines, et en renforçant la capacité de leur gestion.

Resumen

El agua subterránea desempeña un papel fundamental, aunque a menudo poco apreciado, en el apoyo al desarrollo económico y el bienestar humano en ámbitos tanto urbanos como rurales, así como en el apoyo de muchos ecosistemas acuáticos en África. Por lo tanto, el agua subterránea tiene una alta relevancia para el desarrollo y el bienestar de África, si se evalúa adecuadamente y se explota de forma sostenible. Si bien el potencial para el desarrollo de los recursos de aguas subterráneas continúa informándose en la literatura, la comprensión cuantitativa de estos problemas sigue siendo deficiente. El objetivo de este documento es destacar los principales problemas del agua subterránea en África y las oportunidades actuales y esperadas para su gestión sostenible. Esto se hará a través de la revisión del conocimiento existente sobre los recursos hídricos subterráneos y de los programas e iniciativas de gestión y planificación en curso. Los recursos subterráneos en África enfrentan una creciente amenaza de contaminación por urbanización, desarrollo industrial, actividades agrícolas y mineras, y por prácticas de saneamiento deficientes y sobreexplotación debido a la creciente demanda para satisfacer las necesidades humanas y agrícolas. Sin embargo, a pesar de la existencia de una serie de desafíos en su gestión, los recursos subterráneos en África en general todavía están poco desarrollados y pueden satisfacer las diversas necesidades de manera sostenible si se administran mejor. Por lo tanto, las estrategias para garantizar el desarrollo sostenible y la gestión de estos recursos deben ponerse en marcha. Estos incluyen el establecimiento de sistemas de monitoreo, la comprensión de las relaciones entre el agua subterránea y el ecosistema acuático, la gestión de acuíferos transfronterizos, el tratamiento de los impactos del cambio climático, la evaluación del impacto del aumento del bombeo de diversos tipos de acuíferos en la sostenibilidad de la extracción del agua y el desarrollo de capacidades en la gestión del agua subterránea.

摘要

在支撑非洲城市和农村经济发展和人类福祉中、以及支撑许多水生生态系统中,地下水发挥着根本的、然而却是常常令人很少赞赏的作用。因此,如果地下水得到准确评价及得到可持续的开发,地下水对于非洲的发展和福祉具有很高的相关性。地下水资源开发潜力不断在文献中被论述,但同时对这些问题的定量了解依然很少。本论文的目的就是强调非洲地下水的主要问题以及地下水可持续管理中目前及预期的机遇。这将通过综述现有的地下水资源知识以及进行中的和计划进行的地下水管理项目和方案来完成。非洲的地下水资源面临着城市化、工业发展、农业和采矿活动中的污染以及很差的卫生设施中的污染日益增长的威胁、还有就是面临着由于为了满足人类和农业需求而过量开采地下水日益增长的威胁。然而,尽管存在着众多的地下水管理上的挑战,但总的来讲,非洲地下水资源仍然欠开发,如果能够得到很好地管理,地下水资源能够以可持续的方式满足各种需求。因此,确保地下水资源可持续开发和管理的策略需要落实到位。这些策略包括建立地下水资源监测系统、了解地下水-水生生态系统相互关系,管理跨边界含水层、处理好气候变化对地下水的影响、评价从各种类型含水层增加抽水对地下水抽取可持续性的影响以及地下水管理的能力建设。

Resumo

As águas subterrâneas desempenham um papel fundamental, ainda que muitas vezes pouco apreciado, no apoio ao desenvolvimento económico e ao bem-estar humano, tanto nos ambientes urbanos como rurais, bem como no apoio a muitos ecossistemas aquáticos na África. Assim, as águas subterrâneas têm alta relevância para o desenvolvimento e bem-estar da África, se adequadamente avaliada e explorada de forma sustentável. Embora o potencial para o desenvolvimento de recursos hídricos subterrâneos continue a ser relatado na literatura, um entendimento quantitativo dessas questões permanece pobre. O objetivo deste artigo é destacar os principais problemas e problemas das águas subterrâneas na África e as oportunidades atuais e esperadas para o gerenciamento sustentável das águas subterrâneas. Isto será feito através da revisão do conhecimento existente dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos e dos programas e iniciativas de gestão das águas subterrâneas em andamento e planejadas. Os recursos hídricos subterrâneos na África enfrentam uma ameaça crescente de poluição causada pela urbanização, desenvolvimento industrial, atividades agrícolas e de mineração, e de más práticas de saneamento e exploração excessiva devido à crescente demanda para atender às necessidades humanas e agrícolas. No entanto, apesar da existência de vários desafios de gestão das águas subterrâneas, os recursos de águas subterrâneas na África ainda estão geralmente subdesenvolvidos e podem satisfazer as várias necessidades de uma forma sustentável se forem melhor geridos. Assim, estratégias para assegurar o desenvolvimento sustentável e a gestão dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos precisam ser implementadas. Estes incluem o estabelecimento de sistemas de monitoramento das águas subterrâneas, a compreensão das relações entre as águas subterrâneas e ecossistemas aquáticos, gestão de aquíferos transfronteiriços, discussão dos impactos da mudança climática sobre as águas subterrâneas, avaliação do impacto do aumento de bombeamento de vários tipos de aquíferos na sustentabilidade da captação de águas subterrâneas, e capacitação em gestão de águas subterrâneas.

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Revision of an earlier version of the manuscript by G. de Marsily is gratefully acknowledged.

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Correspondence to Cheikh B. Gaye.

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Gaye, C.B., Tindimugaya, C. Review: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable groundwater management in Africa. Hydrogeol J 27, 1099–1110 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1892-1

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