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Review: Micro-organic contaminants in groundwater in China

Revue: Polluants micro-organiques dans les eaux souterraines en Chine

Revisión: Contaminantes microorgánicos en aguas subterráneas en China

评述:中国地下水中的微生有机污染物

Revisão: Microcontaminantes orgânicos em águas subterrâneas na China

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Abstract

Micro-organic contaminants (MOs) in groundwater, which may have adverse effects on human health and ecosystems worldwide, are gaining increased attention in China. A great deal of research has been conducted to investigate their sources, occurrences and behavior in aquifers. This paper reviews the main sources, distribution, concentrations and behavior of a wide range of MOs in groundwater in China. These MOs include well-established persistent organic pollutants—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (poly brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), phthalic acid esters (PAEs), bisphenol A (BPA)—and some contaminants of emerging concern such as pharmaceutical and personal care products (antibiotics, caffeine, shampoos) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). The results reveal that the main MOs in groundwater are PAHs, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), PBDEs, PAEs, and antibiotics. Moreover, some PFCs such as perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have only recently been observed in groundwater as emerging organic contaminants. Additionally, most MOs are distributed in populated and industrialized areas such as the southeast coast of China. Finally, industrial emissions, wastewater treatment plant effluents and agricultural wastewater are found to be dominant sources of MOs in groundwater. Based on the existing pollution levels, regulation and amelioration of MOs are warranted.

Résumé

Les polluants micro-organiques (MOs) dans les eaux souterraines, qui peuvent avoir des effets indésirables sur la santé humaine et sur les écosystèmes dans le monde entier, font l’objet d’une attention de plus en plus vive en Chine. De nombreuses recherches ont été conduites afin d’examiner leurs sources, occurrences et comportement dans les aquifères. Cet article propose une revue des principales sources, de la distribution, des concentrations et du comportement d’une vaste gamme de MOs dans les eaux souterraines en Chine. Ces MOs incluent des polluants organiques reconnus comme persistants—hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorobiphényles (PCBs), perturbateurs endocriniens (Polybromodiphényléthers (PDBEs), esters acides phtaliques (EAPs), bisphenol (BPA)—et quelques polluants engendrant une préoccupation naissante tels les pharmaceutiques et les produits de soin corporel (antibiotiques, caféine, shampooings) et composés perfluorés (PFCs). Les résultats révèlent que les MOs principaux dans les eaux souterraines sont des HAPs, des pesticides organochlorés (POCs), des PBDEs, des EAPs et des antibiotiques. De plus, certains PFCS, tel. l’acide perfluorobutanesulfonique (PFBS), l’acide perfluorobutanoïque (PFBA) et l’acide perfluorooctanoïque (PFOA) ont été seulement récemment observés dans les eaux souterraines comme polluants organiques émergents. En outre, la plupart des MOs sont présents dans les zones peuplées et industrialisées comme la côte sud-est de la Chine. Finalement, les émissions industrielles, les effluents de stations d’épuration et les eaux usées agricoles révèlent être les sources dominantes de MOs dans les eaux souterraines. Sur la base des niveaux de pollution existants, le réglementation et l’amélioration de MOs sont justifiés.

Resumen

Los contaminantes microorgánicos (MOs) en las aguas subterráneas, que pueden tener efectos adversos sobre la salud humana y los ecosistemas en todo el mundo, están ganando una mayor atención en China. Se ha llevado a cabo una gran cantidad de investigaciones para analizar las fuentes, ocurrencias y comportamiento en los acuíferos. Este trabajo revisa las principales fuentes, distribución, concentraciones y comportamiento de una amplia gama de MOs en aguas subterráneas en China. Estos MOs incluyen contaminantes orgánicos persistentes bien establecidos—hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (PAHs), hexaclorociclohexanos (HCHs), bifenilos policlorados (PCBs), sustancias químicas que interrumpen el sistema endocrino (éteres de difenilo polibromados (PBDEs), ésteres de ácido ftálico (PAEs), bisfenol A (BPA), y algunos contaminantes de interés emergente como productos farmacéuticos y de cuidado personal (antibióticos, cafeína, champús) y compuestos perfluorados (PFCs). Los resultados revelan que los MOs principales en aguas subterráneas son PAHs, plaguicidas organoclorados (OCPs), PBDEs, PAEs y antibióticos. Además, algunos PFCs como el ácido perfluorobutano sulfónico (PFBS), el ácido perfluorobutanoico (PFBA) y el ácido perfluorooctanoico (PFOA) se han observado recientemente en aguas subterráneas como contaminantes orgánicos emergentes. Además, la mayoría de los MOs se distribuyen en poblaciones y áreas industrializadas como la costa sureste de China. Finalmente, emisiones industriales, efluentes de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y residuos agrícolas se encuentra que son fuentes dominantes de MOs en aguas subterráneas. Sobre la base de los niveles de contaminación existentes, la regulación y la mejora de los MOs están garantizados.

摘要

地下水中的微生污染物对人类健康和世界范围的生态系统产生负面影响,在中国已经越来越得到人们的重视。进行了大量的研究,以调查其在含水层中的来源、出现及特性。本文论述了中国地下水中大范围微生有机污染物的主要来源、分布、浓度及特性。这些微生有机污染物包括得到确认的持久性有机污染物(多环芳烃)、六氯化苯、多氯联苯、内分泌干扰物(聚溴二苯醚)、邻苯二甲酸酯、双酚A以及新近受到关切的一些污染物诸如药品以及个人护理用品(抗生素、咖啡因、洗发剂)及全氟化合物。结果显示,地下水中的主要微生有机污染物为多环芳烃、有机氟杀虫剂、聚溴二苯醚、邻苯二甲酸酯以及抗生素。此外,一些全氟化合物诸如全氟丁基磺酸盐、全氟烃基酸以及全氟辛酸作为新兴的污染物最近才被观测到。另外,大多数微生有机污染物分布在人口众多及工业集中的地区,如中国东南沿海地区。最后,发现工业排放、废水处理厂的废水以及农业废水成为地下水中的微生有机污染物的主要来源。根据现有的污染水平,需要对微生有机污染物的管理进行进一步的改善和提高。

Resumo

Microcontaminantes orgânicos (MOs) em águas subterrâneas, que podem ter efeitos adversos para saúde humana e ecosistemas no mundo inteiro, estão ganhando cada vez mais atenção na China. Uma grande quantidade de pesquisas tem sido conduzida para investigar as fontes desses contaminantes, ocorrências e comportamento em aquíferos. Este artigo revisa as principais fontes, distribuição, concentrações e comportamento de uma ampla variedade de MOs em águas subterrâneas na China. Estes MOs incluem poluentes orgânicos persistentes—hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), hexaclorociclohexanos (HCHs), bifenilos policlorados, químicos disruptivos do sistema endócrino (éteres de difenila polibromados ou PBDEs), ácidos ftálicos estéres (PAEs), bisfenol A (BPA), e alguns contaminantes identificados recentemente tais como farmácos e produtos de higiene pessoal (antibióticos, cafeína, shampoos) e compostos perfluorados (PFCs). Os resultados revelam que os principais microcontaminantes orgânicos em água subterrânea são HPAs, pesticidas organoclorados (OCPs), PBDEs, PAEs, e antibióticos. Além do mais, alguns PFCs, tais como ácido sulfônico perfluorbutano (PFBs), ácido perfluorbutanoico (PFBA) e ácido perfluoroctanoico (PFOA) tem sido tratados como contaminantes orgânicos de águas subterrâneas somente recentemente. Adicionalmente, a maioria dos MOs estão distribuídos em áreas populosas e industrializadas tais como a costa sudeste da China. Por fim, as emissões industriais, efluentes de estação de tratamento de residuais, e águas residuais da agricultura foram identificadas como sendo fontes dominantes de MOs em águas subterrâneas. Baseado nos níveis de poluição existentes, regulamentação e melhoramento dos MOs são necessários.

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Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. NSFC41402209). We thank the anonymous reviewers for suggestions and improvements to the paper. We also thank Jeremy Kamen from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Group China, for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environments, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China

    Weihong Dong, Wei Xie, Xiaosi Su, Chuanlei Wen, Zhipeng Cao & Yuyu Wan

  2. Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China

    Weihong Dong, Wei Xie, Xiaosi Su, Chuanlei Wen, Zhipeng Cao & Yuyu Wan

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  1. Weihong Dong
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  2. Wei Xie
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  3. Xiaosi Su
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Correspondence to Weihong Dong.

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Published in the special issue “Groundwater sustainability in fast-developing China”

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Dong, W., Xie, W., Su, X. et al. Review: Micro-organic contaminants in groundwater in China. Hydrogeol J 26, 1351–1369 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1760-z

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