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Intrinsic crazes in polycarbonate: Phenomenology and molecular interpretation of a new phenomenon

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Crazing in Polymers

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 52-53))

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Abbreviations

A, A0 :

Amplitudes of waves scattered by the sample and by one electron

D:

Fibril diameter

E:

Young's modulus

EM:

Electron microscopy

F:

Form factor

\(\hat F_2 ,\hat F_3\) :

Two and three dimensional Fourier transformations

Ĩ:

Smeared scattering intensity

Ip :

Scattering intensity integrated along the meridian

J0, J1 :

Zero and first order Bessel functions

L:

Length of fibrils

LS:

Light-scattering

M, M0 :

Molecular weights of the polymer and of the monomer unit

Me :

Molecular weight of chains between entanglement points

N:

Number of random links between cross-links and entanglement points

N0 :

Number of random links between entanglement points for the unstretched polymer

P2(ξ):

Second order Legendre Polynomial in ξ

PC:

Polycarbonate

PET:

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

PS:

Polystyrene

R:

Distance between sample and detector

SAXS:

Small-angle X-ray scattering

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

T:

Temperature

Tg :

Glass transition temperature

V:

Sample volume

Vcr :

Volume of the sample which is occupied by crazes

V0 :

Initial sample volume

I, II:

Refer to extrinsic and intrinsic crazes

c:

Constant

\(\vec e,\vec e_0\) :

Unit vectors in the directions of the incident and scattered waves

f:

Area per fibril

g:

Interfibrillar correlation function

hcr, hf, hv :

Volume fractions of the samples which are occupied by crazes, fibrils and voids

k:

Parameter

le :

Length of the chain between entanglement points

l0 :

Length of the projection of the monomer unit on the chain axis

Δn :

Optical birefringence

Δnmax :

Maximum birefringence obtained by complete orientation of random links

ΔnII :

Birefringence at intrinsic craze initiation

r:

End-to-end distance of chains

re :

End-to-end distance of chains between entanglement points

\(\vec s\) :

Reciprocal vector

smax :

Magnitude of the reciprocal vector at the scattering maximum

sr, s3, sΦ :

Cylindrical coordinates of \(\vec s\)

t:

Drawing time

v:

Volume fraction of a phase

vf :

Volume fraction of fibrils within a craze

\(\vec x\) :

Space vector

xr, x3, xΦ :

Cylindrical coordinates of the space vector

\(\vec y\) :

Space vector

α:

Ratio of the incremental volume strain and the incremental elongational strain

β:

Constant

γ:

Correlation function

ε:

Elongational strain

\(\dot \varepsilon\) :

Strain rate

εcr :

Craze strain

εe1 :

Elastic strain

εsh :

Shear strain

ζ:

Interfacial length

λ:

Extension ratio

λe :

Maximum extension ratio of chains between entanglement points

λsh :

Extension ratio after shear yielding

λI, λII :

Extension ratios at craze I and II formation

λf :

Extension ratio of craze fibrils

ϱ, ϱcr :

Densities of the uncrazed and crazed material

ϱe :

Electron density

σ:

Stress

σII :

Stress at craze II initiation

σD :

Lower yield stress

χ:

Area

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  1. Laboratoire de Polymères, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Chemin de Bellerive 32, CH-1007, Lausanne

    Manfred Dettenmaier

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  1. Manfred Dettenmaier
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H. H. Kausch

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© 1983 Springer-Verlag

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Dettenmaier, M. (1983). Intrinsic crazes in polycarbonate: Phenomenology and molecular interpretation of a new phenomenon. In: Kausch, H.H. (eds) Crazing in Polymers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 52-53. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0024056

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0024056

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