Abstract
Flavonoids are one of the most widely occurring secondary plant constituents and are rich in vegetable and fruit diets as well as beverages of plant origin. In flavonoid glycosides, the sugars can either be linked to the aglycone via an ether bond (O-glycosides) or via a C–C- bond resulting in flavonoid C-glycosides. Their occurrence in food plants, their role in bioactivity of food, and their catabolism are covered in this chapter. The major class of C-glycosylflavonoids in food plants is represented by flavones, in addition dihydrochalcones and C-glycosylisoflavones can be found. Citrus fruits can be considered as a major source of C-glycosylflavones, whereas in most cases relatively low amounts have been found in cereals. A rich source of C-glycosylated dihydrochalcones are tomatoes, as well as rooibos and honeybush herbal teas, and the most common C-glycosylisoflavone puerarin is mainly consumed via kudzu roots. Due to their higher chemical stability in terms of hydrolysis during cooking and also after ingestion, they can be considered as a specific group within flavonoids. Their metabolic fate is clearly different from O-glycosidic flavonoids with absorption of intact glycosides, followed by phase II metabolization. However, also deglycosylation by gut microbiota and degradation of aglycones to compounds like (hydroxy)phenylpropionic acids have been recognized. Only limited data on the actual daily intake of C-glycosylflavonoids including information on content in fresh and processed food are available.
Abbreviations
- ABTS:
-
2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt
- CGF:
-
C-glycosylflavonoids
- CGT:
-
C-glycosyltransferase
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenase
- CYP:
-
Cytochrome P450 enzymes
- DPPH:
-
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- ESI:
-
Electrospray ionization
- IC50:
-
Half maximal inhibitory concentration
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- MCF:
-
Human breast cancer cell line
- MIC:
-
Minimal inhibitory concentration
- mRNA:
-
Messenger RNA
- OGF:
-
O-glycosylflavonoids
- PGE-2:
-
Prostaglandin E2
- P-gp:
-
P-glycoprotein
- PXR:
-
Pregnane-X- receptor
- RAW:
-
Mouse macrophage cell line
- TE:
-
Trolox equivalents
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor α
- Vero:
-
African green monkey kidney cells
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Bucar, F., Xiao, J.B., Ochensberger, S. (2020). Flavonoid C-Glycosides in Diets. In: Xiao, J., Sarker, S., Asakawa, Y. (eds) Handbook of Dietary Phytochemicals. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1745-3_6-1
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