Abstract
What are complex systems? One answer may be systems having complex configurations. Then, where such complexity coming from? Another answer may be systems that show complex behaviors while their configurations are rather simple. Then, what are the underlying mechanisms of such behaviors? This chapter gives an overview from various aspects such as emergence of complex behavior in physical systems, biological and ecological systems as complex systems, artificial systems developed by human, and social systems as complex systems. While some complex behaviors can be observed in rather simple physical systems and physical and mathematical understanding give guiding principles of emergence of such complexity, biological and artificial systems are far from it. In this chapter, the author tries to give overview from a viewpoint of self-reproductive systems and adaptive behaviors of them. As a possible scenario, once a system acquires self-reproductive abilities, i.e., to make copies of the system by itself, adaptation in the sense of performance of self-reproduction starts. Then various adaptive mechanisms would also emerge on the base of the self-reproductive system. In such adaptive mechanisms, information processing plays intrinsic roles both in biological and artificial systems, and we discuss complex systems also from this point of view.
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Kita, H. (2020). Complex Systems. In: Metcalf, G., Kijima, K., Deguchi, H. (eds) Handbook of Systems Sciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0370-8_3-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0370-8_3-1
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