Abstract
Consider a Hamiltonian of the system of particles interacting via a pair potential Φ and situated in the entire three-dimensional space ℝ3
Here, μ is a chemical potential, ψ*(x) and ψ(x) are operators of creation and annihilation independently of the type of statistics, and g is a coupling constant. Suppose that the frame of reference is chosen so that the lowest eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian is equal to zero
The eigenvector Φ0 that corresponds to the eigenvalue zero of the Hamiltonian H is called the ground state or “physical” vacuum.
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Petrina, D.Y. (1995). Green’s Functions. In: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Statistical Mechanics. Mathematical Physics Studies, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0185-1_5
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